Bump up the version to v0.15.5

Signed-off-by: Tao He <linzhu.ht@alibaba-inc.com>

.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+BasedOnStyle: Google
+DerivePointerAlignment: false
+PointerAlignment: Left
+Cpp11BracedListStyle: true
+IndentCaseLabels: false
+AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: true
+AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
+Standard: 'Cpp11'
+SpaceAfterCStyleCast: true
+AlignAfterOpenBracket: Align
+SortIncludes: true
+IncludeBlocks: Preserve
+ForEachMacros:
+  - BOOST_FOREACH

.github/workflows/build-test.yml

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-20.04, ubuntu-22.04, macos-10.15, macos-11, macos-12]
-        etcd: [v3.2.26, v3.3.11, v3.4.13, v3.5.7]
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, ubuntu-22.04, macos-11, macos-12]
+        etcd: [v3.2.32, v3.3.27, v3.4.27, v3.5.9]
         exclude:
           - os: ubuntu-20.04
             etcd: v3.2.26
@@ -32,13 +32,6 @@ jobs:
           - os: ubuntu-22.04
             etcd: v3.5.7
 
-          - os: macos-10.15
-            etcd: v3.2.26
-          - os: macos-10.15
-            etcd: v3.3.11
-          - os: macos-10.15
-            etcd: v3.4.13
-
           - os: macos-11
             etcd: v3.2.26
           - os: macos-11
@@ -89,6 +82,10 @@ jobs:
           wget https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/releases/download/v3.19.3/cmake-3.19.3-Linux-x86_64.sh
           sudo bash cmake-3.19.3-Linux-x86_64.sh --prefix /usr --skip-license
 
+          # install clang-format
+          sudo curl -L https://github.com/muttleyxd/clang-tools-static-binaries/releases/download/master-1d7ec53d/clang-format-11_linux-amd64 --output /usr/bin/clang-format
+          sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/clang-format
+
       - name: Install grpc v1.27.x for Ubuntu 18.04
         if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-18.04'
         run: |
@@ -177,7 +174,7 @@ jobs:
         if: false
         uses: mxschmitt/action-tmate@v3
 
-      - name: Build
+      - name: CMake
         run: |
           export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/lib:/usr/local/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu
 
@@ -189,6 +186,42 @@ jobs:
                    -DBUILD_ETCD_TESTS=ON \
                    -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache \
                    -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
+
+      - name: Format
+        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+        run: |
+          cd build
+
+          function prepend() { while read line; do echo "${1}${line}"; done; }
+
+          make etcd_cpp_apiv3_clformat
+          GIT_DIFF=$(git diff --ignore-submodules)
+          if [[ -n $GIT_DIFF ]]; then
+              echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
+              echo "| clang-format failures found!"
+              echo "|"
+              echo "$GIT_DIFF" | prepend "| "
+              echo "|"
+              echo "| Run: "
+              echo "|"
+              echo "|    make etcd_cpp_apiv3_clformat"
+              echo "|"
+              echo "| to fix this error."
+              echo "|"
+              echo "| Ensure you are working with clang-format-11, which can be obtained from"
+              echo "|"
+              echo "|    https://github.com/muttleyxd/clang-tools-static-binaries/releases "
+              echo "|"
+              echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
+              exit -1
+          fi
+
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: |
+          export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/lib:/usr/local/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu
+
+          cd build
           make -j`nproc`
           sudo make install
 
@@ -210,6 +243,10 @@ jobs:
 
           # tests without auth
 
+          echo "Run the etcd resolver test ........................."
+          # there's no ipv6 on github CI runner
+          # ./build/bin/EtcdResolverTest
+
           echo "Run the etcd sync test ........................."
           ./build/bin/EtcdSyncTest
 
@@ -366,6 +403,26 @@ jobs:
           killall -TERM etcd
           sleep 5
 
+      - name: Etcd Member test
+        run: |
+          killall -TERM etcd || true
+          sleep 5
+
+          export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/lib:/usr/local/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu
+
+          # use etcd v3 api
+          export ETCDCTL_API="3"
+          
+
+          rm -rf default.etcd
+          /usr/local/bin/etcd &
+          sleep 5
+
+          ./build/bin/EtcdMemberTest
+
+          killall -TERM etcd
+          sleep 5
+        
       - name: Check ccache
         run: |
           ccache --show-stats

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ project (etcd-cpp-api)
 set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)
 
 set(etcd-cpp-api_VERSION_MAJOR 0)
-set(etcd-cpp-api_VERSION_MINOR 14)
-set(etcd-cpp-api_VERSION_PATCH 3)
+set(etcd-cpp-api_VERSION_MINOR 15)
+set(etcd-cpp-api_VERSION_PATCH 5)
 set(etcd-cpp-api_VERSION ${etcd-cpp-api_VERSION_MAJOR}.${etcd-cpp-api_VERSION_MINOR}.${etcd-cpp-api_VERSION_PATCH})
 set(CMAKE_PROJECT_HOMEPAGE_URL https://github.com/etcd-cpp-apiv3/etcd-cpp-apiv3)
 
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE AND NOT CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
     )
 endif()
 
+option(BUILD_WITH_NO_EXCEPTIONS "Build etcd-cpp-apiv3 with disabling exception handling, i.e., -fno-exceptions" OFF)
 option(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS "Build etcd-cpp-apiv3 shared libraries" ON)
 option(BUILD_ETCD_CORE_ONLY "Build etcd-cpp-apiv3 core library (the synchronous runtime) only" OFF)
 option(BUILD_ETCD_TESTS "Build etcd-cpp-apiv3 test cases" OFF)
@@ -88,7 +89,21 @@ macro(use_cxx target)
     endif()
 endmacro(use_cxx)
 
-find_package(Boost REQUIRED COMPONENTS system thread random)
+macro(set_exceptions target)
+    if(BUILD_WITH_NO_EXCEPTIONS)
+        if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "GNU")
+            target_compile_options(${target} PRIVATE "-fno-exceptions")
+        elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "Clang")
+            target_compile_options(${target} PRIVATE "-fno-exceptions")
+        elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "AppleClang")
+            target_compile_options(${target} PRIVATE "-fno-exceptions")
+        elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "MSVC")
+            target_compile_options(${target} PRIVATE "/EHs-c-")
+        endif()
+        target_compile_definitions(${target} PUBLIC -D_ETCD_NO_EXCEPTIONS)
+    endif()
+endmacro(set_exceptions)
+
 if(APPLE)
     # If we're on OS X check for Homebrew's copy of OpenSSL instead of Apple's
     if(NOT OpenSSL_DIR)
@@ -107,7 +122,10 @@ if(APPLE)
 endif()
 
 find_package(OpenSSL REQUIRED)
+find_package(Protobuf CONFIG QUIET)
+if (NOT Protobuf_FOUND)
     find_package(Protobuf REQUIRED)
+endif()
 if(Protobuf_PROTOC_EXECUTABLE)
     if(NOT TARGET protobuf::protoc)
         add_executable(protobuf::protoc IMPORTED)
@@ -118,10 +136,34 @@ if(Protobuf_PROTOC_EXECUTABLE)
     endif()
 endif()
 
+# When cross compiling we look for the native protoc compiler
+# overwrite protobuf::protoc with the proper protoc
+if(CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING)
+    find_program(Protobuf_PROTOC_EXECUTABLE REQUIRED NAMES protoc)
+    if(NOT TARGET protobuf::protoc)
+        add_executable(protobuf::protoc IMPORTED)
+    endif()
+    set_target_properties(protobuf::protoc PROPERTIES
+        IMPORTED_LOCATION "${Protobuf_PROTOC_EXECUTABLE}")
+endif()
+
 find_package(gRPC QUIET)
-if(gRPC_FOUND AND TARGET gRPC::grpc AND TARGET gRPC::grpc_cpp_plugin)
-    set(GRPC_LIBRARIES gRPC::gpr gRPC::grpc gRPC::grpc++)
+if(gRPC_FOUND AND TARGET gRPC::grpc)
+    # When cross compiling we look for the native grpc_cpp_plugin
+    if(CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING)
+        find_program(GRPC_CPP_PLUGIN REQUIRED NAMES grpc_cpp_plugin)
+        if(NOT TARGET gRPC::grpc_cpp_plugin)
+            add_executable(gRPC::grpc_cpp_plugin IMPORTED)
+        endif()
+        set_target_properties(gRPC::grpc_cpp_plugin PROPERTIES
+                IMPORTED_LOCATION "${GRPC_CPP_PLUGIN}")
+    elseif(TARGET gRPC::grpc_cpp_plugin)
         get_target_property(GRPC_CPP_PLUGIN gRPC::grpc_cpp_plugin LOCATION)
+    else()
+        message(FATAL_ERROR "Found gRPC but no gRPC CPP plugin defined")
+    endif()
+
+    set(GRPC_LIBRARIES gRPC::gpr gRPC::grpc gRPC::grpc++)
     get_target_property(GRPC_INCLUDE_DIR gRPC::grpc INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES)
 else()
     include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/FindGRPC.cmake)
@@ -140,6 +182,9 @@ include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/GenerateProtobufGRPC.cmake)
 if(gRPC_VERSION VERSION_LESS "1.21" OR gRPC_VERSION VERSION_GREATER "1.31")
     add_definitions(-DWITH_GRPC_CHANNEL_CLASS)
 endif()
+if(gRPC_VERSION VERSION_LESS "1.17")
+    add_definitions(-DWITH_GRPC_CREATE_CHANNEL_INTERNAL_UNIQUE_POINTER)
+endif()
 
 # will set `PROTOBUF_GENERATES`, indicates all generated .cc files, and a target `protobuf_generates`.
 include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/GenerateProtobuf.cmake)
@@ -166,8 +211,7 @@ else()
     set(CPPREST_LIB)
 endif()
 
-include_directories(SYSTEM ${Boost_INCLUDE_DIR}
-                           ${CPPREST_INCLUDE_DIR}
+include_directories(SYSTEM ${CPPREST_INCLUDE_DIR}
                            ${PROTOBUF_INCLUDE_DIRS}
                            ${GRPC_INCLUDE_DIR}
                            ${OPENSSL_INCLUDE_DIR})
@@ -180,9 +224,13 @@ if(NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "MSVC")
 endif()
 
 check_cxx_compiler_flag(-Wno-c++17-extensions W_NO_CPP17_EXTENSIONS)
+check_cxx_compiler_flag(-Wno-extra-semi W_NO_EXTRA_SEMI)
 if(W_NO_CPP17_EXTENSIONS)
     set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wno-c++17-extensions")
 endif()
+if(W_NO_EXTRA_SEMI)
+    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wno-extra-semi")
+endif()
 
 set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin)
 
@@ -204,6 +252,7 @@ if(NOT BUILD_ETCD_CORE_ONLY)
 endif()
 install(FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp
               ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/etcd/v3/Transaction.hpp
+              ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/etcd/v3/Member.hpp
               DESTINATION include/etcd/v3)
 
 configure_file(etcd-cpp-api-config.in.cmake
@@ -222,6 +271,17 @@ install(EXPORT etcd-targets
         DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/cmake/etcd-cpp-api
 )
 
+file(GLOB_RECURSE FILES_NEED_FORMAT
+        "etcd/*.hpp"
+        "src/*.cpp"
+        "tst/*.cpp"
+)
+
+add_custom_target(etcd_cpp_apiv3_clformat
+    COMMAND clang-format --style=file -i ${FILES_NEED_FORMAT}
+    COMMENT "Running clang-format, using clang-format-11 from https://github.com/muttleyxd/clang-tools-static-binaries/releases"
+    VERBATIM)
+
 # deb/rpc packaging for Linux
 
 set(CPACK_PACKAGE_NAME ${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME})
@@ -278,6 +338,7 @@ set(CPACK_DEBIAN_PACKAGE_INSTALL "/usr/lib/lib*.so*"
                                  "/usr/include/etcd/*.hpp"
                                  "/usr/include/etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
                                  "/usr/include/etcd/v3/Transaction.hpp"
+                                 "/usr/include/etcd/v3/Member.hpp"
 )
 
 set(CPACK_DEBIAN_PACKAGE_BUILD_NUMBER_PREFIX "")

README.md

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ i.e., `ETCDCTL_API=3`.
 
 ## Requirements
 
-1. boost and openssl
+1. boost and openssl (**Note that boost is only required if you need the asynchronous runtime**)
 
    + On Ubuntu, above requirement could be installed as:
 
@@ -83,6 +83,36 @@ dependencies have been successfully installed:
     cmake ..
     make -j$(nproc) && make install
 
+## Using this package in your CMake project
+
+To use this package in your CMake project, you can either
+
+- install, then find the library using `find_package()`:
+
+  ```cmake
+  find_package(etcd-cpp-apiv3 REQUIRED)
+  target_link_libraries(your_target PRIVATE etcd-cpp-api)
+  ```
+
+- or, add this repository as a subdirectory in your project, and link the library directly:
+
+  ```cmake
+  add_subdirectory(thirdparty/etcd-cpp-apiv3)
+  target_link_libraries(your_target PRIVATE etcd-cpp-api)
+  ```
+
+- or, use [FetchContent](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/module/FetchContent.html):
+
+  ```cmake
+  include(FetchContent)
+  FetchContent_Declare(
+    etcd-cpp-apiv3
+    https://github.com/etcd-cpp-apiv3/etcd-cpp-apiv3.git
+  )
+  FetchContent_MakeAvailable(etcd-cpp-apiv3)
+  target_link_libraries(your_target PRIVATE etcd-cpp-api)
+  ```
+
 ## Compatible etcd version
 
 The _etcd-cpp-apiv3_ should work well with etcd > 3.0. Feel free to issue an issue to us on
@@ -192,6 +222,14 @@ Connecting to multiple endpoints is supported:
   etcd::Client etcd("http://a.com:2379;http://b.com:2379;http://c.com:2379");
 ```
 
+### IPv6
+
+Connecting to IPv6 endpoints is supported:
+
+```c++
+  etcd::Client etcd("http://::1:2379");
+```
+
 Behind the screen, gRPC's load balancer is used and the round-robin strategy will
 be used by default.
 
@@ -495,10 +533,11 @@ some specific conditions.
 Values can be deleted with the `rm` method passing the key to be deleted as a parameter. The key
 should point to an existing value. There are conditional variations for deletion too.
 
-* `rm_if(key, value, old_value)` deletes an already existing value but only if the previous
+* `rm(std::string const& key)` unconditionally deletes the given key
+* `rm_if(key, old_value)` deletes an already existing value but only if the previous
   value equals with old_value. If the values does not match returns with "Compare failed" error
   (code `ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED`)
-* `rm_if(key, value, old_index)` deletes an already existing value but only if the index of
+* `rm_if(key, old_index)` deletes an already existing value but only if the index of
   the previous value equals with old_index. If the indices does not match returns with "Compare
   failed" error (code `ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED`)
 
@@ -523,13 +562,13 @@ keys defined by the prefix. mkdir method is removed since etcdv3 treats everythi
      etcd.set("/test/key3", "value3").wait();
      etcd.set("/test/subdir/foo", "foo").wait();
 
-    etcd::Response resp = etcd.ls("/test/new_dir").get();
+     etcd::Response resp = etcd.ls("/test").get();
    ```
 
-  ```resp.key()``` will have the following values:
+   `resp.key()` will have the following values:
 
    ```
-  /test/key1
+   /test/key1s
    /test/key2
    /test/key3
    /test/subdir/foo
@@ -832,6 +871,8 @@ Without handler, the internal state can be checked via `KeepAlive::Check()` and
 the async exception when there are errors during keeping the lease alive.
 
 Note that even with `handler`, the `KeepAlive::Check()` still rethrow if there's an async exception.
+When the library is built with `-fno-exceptions`, the `handler` argument and the `Check()` method
+will abort the program when there are errors during keeping the lease alive.
 
 ### Etcd transactions
 
@@ -852,11 +893,32 @@ Transactions in etcd supports set a set of comparison targets to specify the con
   etcdv3::Transaction txn;
 
   // setup the conditions
-  txn.reset_key("/test/x1");
-  txn.init_compare("1", etcdv3::CompareResult::EQUAL, etcdv3::CompareTarget::VALUE);
+  txn.add_compare_value("/test/x1", "1");
+  txn.add_compare_value("/test/x2", "2");
 
-  txn.reset_key("/test/x2");
-  txn.init_compare("2", etcdv3::CompareResult::EQUAL, etcdv3::CompareTarget::VALUE);
+  // or, compare the last modified revision
+  txn.add_compare_mod("/test/x3", 0);  // not exists
+  txn.add_compare_mod("/test/x4", etcdv3::CompareResult::GREATER, 1234);  // the modified revision is greater than 1234
+```
+
+High-level APIs (e.g., `compare_and_create`, `compare_and_swap`) are also provided, e.g.,
+`fetch-and-add` operation can be implemented as
+
+```cpp
+  auto fetch_and_add = [](etcd::Client& client,
+                          std::string const& key) -> void {
+    auto value = stoi(client.get(key).get().value().as_string());
+    while (true) {
+      auto txn = etcdv3::Transaction();
+      txn.setup_compare_and_swap(key, std::to_string(value),
+                                 std::to_string(value + 1));
+      etcd::Response resp = client.txn(txn).get();
+      if (resp.is_ok()) {
+        break;
+      }
+      value = stoi(resp.value().as_string());
+    }
+  };
 ```
 
 See full example of the usages of transaction APIs, please refer to [./tst/TransactionTest.cpp](./tst/TransactionTest.cpp),
@@ -877,7 +939,7 @@ pplx::task<Response> proclaim(std::string const &name, int64_t lease_id,
 
 pplx::task<Response> leader(std::string const &name);
 
-std::unique_ptr<Observer> observe(std::string const &name);
+std::unique_ptr<SyncClient::Observer> observe(std::string const &name);
 
 pplx::task<Response> resign(std::string const &name, int64_t lease_id,
                             std::string const &key, int64_t revision);
@@ -891,7 +953,7 @@ The `Observer` returned by `observe()` can be use to monitor the changes of elec
 The observer stream will be canceled when been destructed.
 
 ```c++
-  std::unique_ptr<etcd::Observer> observer = etcd.observe("test");
+  std::unique_ptr<etcd::SyncClient::Observer> observer = etcd.observe("test");
 
   // wait one change event, blocked execution
   etcd::Response resp = observer->WaitOnce();
@@ -906,9 +968,17 @@ The observer stream will be canceled when been destructed.
   observer.reset(nullptr);
 ```
 
-for more details, please refer to [etcd/Client.hpp](./etcd/Client.hpp).
+for more details, please refer to [etcd/Client.hpp](./etcd/Client.hpp) and [tst/ElectionTest.cpp](./tst/ElectionTest.cpp).
 
-### TODO
+## `-fno-exceptions`
+
+The _etcd-cpp-apiv3_ library supports to be built with `-fno-exceptions` flag, controlled by the
+cmake option `BUILD_WITH_NO_EXCEPTIONS=ON/OFF` (defaults to `OFF`).
+
+When building with `-fno-exceptions`, the library will abort the program under certain circumstances,
+e.g., when calling `.Check()` method of `KeepAlive` and there are errors during keeping the lease alive,
+
+## TODO
 
 1. Cancellation of asynchronous calls(except for watch)
 

etcd-cpp-api-config.in.cmake

@@ -32,5 +32,8 @@ set(ETCD_CPP_INCLUDE_DIRS "${ETCD_CPP_INCLUDE_DIR}")
 include(FindPackageMessage)
 find_package_message(etcd
     "Found etcd: ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_FILE} (found version \"@etcd-cpp-api_VERSION@\")"
-    "etcd-cpp-apiv3 version: @etcd-cpp-api_VERSION@\netcd-cpp-apiv3 libraries: ${ETCD_CPP_LIBRARIES}, \netcd-cpp-apiv3 core libraries: ${ETCD_CPP_CORE_LIBRARIES}\ninclude directories: ${ETCD_CPP_INCLUDE_DIRS}"
+    "etcd-cpp-apiv3 version: @etcd-cpp-api_VERSION@\n"
+    "etcd-cpp-apiv3 libraries: ${ETCD_CPP_LIBRARIES}\n"
+    "etcd-cpp-apiv3 core libraries: ${ETCD_CPP_CORE_LIBRARIES}\n"
+    "include directories: ${ETCD_CPP_INCLUDE_DIRS}"
 )

etcd/Client.hpp

@@ -14,24 +14,24 @@
 #include "etcd/SyncClient.hpp"
 #include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
 
-namespace etcd
-{
+namespace etcd {
 /**
  * Client is responsible for maintaining a connection towards an etcd server.
  * Etcd operations can be reached via the methods of the client.
  */
-  class Client
-  {
+class Client {
  public:
   /**
-     * Constructs an async etcd client object from an established synchronous client.
+   * Constructs an async etcd client object from an established synchronous
+   * client.
    *
    * @param sync_client The synchronous client to use for the async client.
    */
   Client(SyncClient* client);
 
   /**
-     * Constructs an async etcd client object from an established synchronous client.
+   * Constructs an async etcd client object from an established synchronous
+   * client.
    *
    * @param sync_client The synchronous client to use for the async client.
    */
@@ -40,9 +40,10 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
-     * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of
+   * round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
    */
   Client(std::string const& etcd_url,
          std::string const& load_balancer = "round_robin");
@@ -50,8 +51,8 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param arguments user provided grpc channel arguments.
    */
   Client(std::string const& etcd_url,
@@ -65,9 +66,10 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
-     * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of
+   * round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
    */
   static Client* WithUrl(std::string const& etcd_url,
                          std::string const& load_balancer = "round_robin");
@@ -75,8 +77,8 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param arguments user provided grpc channel arguments.
    */
   static Client* WithUrl(std::string const& etcd_url,
@@ -90,34 +92,32 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param username username of etcd auth
    * @param password password of etcd auth
-     * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
-     * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd.
+   * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of
+   * round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
+   * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also
+   * `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd.
    */
-    Client(std::string const & etcd_url,
-           std::string const & username,
-           std::string const & password,
-           int const auth_token_ttl = 300,
+  Client(std::string const& etcd_url, std::string const& username,
+         std::string const& password, int const auth_token_ttl = 300,
          std::string const& load_balancer = "round_robin");
 
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param username username of etcd auth
    * @param password password of etcd auth
    * @param arguments user provided grpc channel arguments.
-     * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd.
-     *                       Default value should be 300.
+   * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also
+   * `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd. Default value should be 300.
    */
-    Client(std::string const & etcd_url,
-           std::string const & username,
-           std::string const & password,
-           int const auth_token_ttl,
+  Client(std::string const& etcd_url, std::string const& username,
+         std::string const& password, int const auth_token_ttl,
 #if defined(WITH_GRPC_CHANNEL_CLASS)
          grpc::ChannelArguments const& arguments
 #else
@@ -128,12 +128,14 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param username username of etcd auth
    * @param password password of etcd auth
-     * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
-     * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd.
+   * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of
+   * round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
+   * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also
+   * `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd.
    */
   static Client* WithUser(std::string const& etcd_url,
                           std::string const& username,
@@ -144,18 +146,17 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param username username of etcd auth
    * @param password password of etcd auth
    * @param arguments user provided grpc channel arguments.
-     * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd.
-     *                       Default value should be 300.
+   * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also
+   * `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd. Default value should be 300.
    */
   static Client* WithUser(std::string const& etcd_url,
                           std::string const& username,
-                            std::string const & password,
-                            int const auth_token_ttl,
+                          std::string const& password, int const auth_token_ttl,
 #if defined(WITH_GRPC_CHANNEL_CLASS)
                           grpc::ChannelArguments const& arguments
 #else
@@ -166,34 +167,35 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param ca      root CA file for SSL/TLS connection.
-     * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
-     * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
-     * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
+   * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
+   * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
+   * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of
+   * round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
    */
-    Client(std::string const & etcd_url,
-           std::string const & ca,
-           std::string const & cert,
-           std::string const & privkey,
+  Client(std::string const& etcd_url, std::string const& ca,
+         std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
          std::string const& target_name_override,
          std::string const& load_balancer = "round_robin");
 
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param ca      root CA file for SSL/TLS connection.
-     * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
-     * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
+   * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
+   * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
    * @param arguments user provided grpc channel arguments.
    */
-    Client(std::string const & etcd_url,
-           std::string const & ca,
-           std::string const & cert,
-           std::string const & privkey,
+  Client(std::string const& etcd_url, std::string const& ca,
+         std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
          std::string const& target_name_override,
 #if defined(WITH_GRPC_CHANNEL_CLASS)
          grpc::ChannelArguments const& arguments
@@ -205,18 +207,20 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param ca      root CA file for SSL/TLS connection.
-     * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
-     * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
-     * @param target_name_override Override the target host name if you want to pass multiple address
-     * for load balancing with SSL, and there's no DNS. The @target_name_override@ must exist in the
-     * SANS of your SSL certificate.
-     * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
+   * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
+   * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
+   * @param target_name_override Override the target host name if you want to
+   * pass multiple address for load balancing with SSL, and there's no DNS. The
+   * @target_name_override@ must exist in the SANS of your SSL certificate.
+   * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of
+   * round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
    */
-    static Client *WithSSL(std::string const & etcd_url,
-                                 std::string const & ca,
+  static Client* WithSSL(std::string const& etcd_url, std::string const& ca,
                          std::string const& cert = "",
                          std::string const& privkey = "",
                          std::string const& target_name_override = "",
@@ -225,14 +229,16 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param ca      root CA file for SSL/TLS connection.
-     * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
-     * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
-     * @param target_name_override Override the target host name if you want to pass multiple address
-     * for load balancing with SSL, and there's no DNS. The @target_name_override@ must exist in the
-     * SANS of your SSL certificate.
+   * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
+   * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
+   * @param target_name_override Override the target host name if you want to
+   * pass multiple address for load balancing with SSL, and there's no DNS. The
+   * @target_name_override@ must exist in the SANS of your SSL certificate.
    * @param arguments user provided grpc channel arguments.
    */
   static Client* WithSSL(std::string const& etcd_url,
@@ -241,8 +247,7 @@ namespace etcd
 #else
                          grpc_impl::ChannelArguments const& arguments,
 #endif
-                           std::string const & ca,
-                           std::string const & cert = "",
+                         std::string const& ca, std::string const& cert = "",
                          std::string const& privkey = "",
                          std::string const& target_name_override = "");
 
@@ -267,29 +272,14 @@ namespace etcd
   pplx::task<Response> get(std::string const& key, int64_t revision);
 
   /**
-     * Sets the value of a key. The key will be modified if already exists or created
-     * if it does not exists.
-     * @param key is the key to be created or modified
-     * @param value is the new value to be set
-     */
-    pplx::task<Response> set(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int ttl = 0);
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the value of a key. The key will be modified if already exists or created
-     * if it does not exists.
+   * Sets the value of a key. The key will be modified if already exists or
+   * created if it does not exists.
    * @param key is the key to be created or modified
    * @param value is the new value to be set
    * @param leaseId is the lease attached to the key
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> set(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t leaseId);
-
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new key and sets it's value. Fails if the key already exists.
-     * @param key is the key to be created
-     * @param value is the value to be set
-     */
-    pplx::task<Response> add(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int ttl = 0);
+  pplx::task<Response> set(std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+                           const int64_t leaseId = 0);
 
   /**
    * Creates a new key and sets it's value. Fails if the key already exists.
@@ -297,7 +287,8 @@ namespace etcd
    * @param value is the value to be set
    * @param leaseId is the lease attached to the key
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> add(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t leaseId);
+  pplx::task<Response> add(std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+                           const int64_t leaseId = 0);
 
   /**
    * Put a new key-value pair.
@@ -307,11 +298,13 @@ namespace etcd
   pplx::task<Response> put(std::string const& key, std::string const& value);
 
   /**
-     * Modifies an existing key. Fails if the key does not exists.
-     * @param key is the key to be modified
-     * @param value is the new value to be set
+   * Put a new key-value pair.
+   * @param key is the key to be put
+   * @param value is the value to be put
+   * @param leaseId is the lease id to be associated with the key
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> modify(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int ttl = 0);
+  pplx::task<Response> put(std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+                           const int64_t leaseId);
 
   /**
    * Modifies an existing key. Fails if the key does not exists.
@@ -319,81 +312,85 @@ namespace etcd
    * @param value is the new value to be set
    * @param leaseId is the lease attached to the key
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> modify(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t leaseId);
+  pplx::task<Response> modify(std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+                              const int64_t leaseId = 0);
 
   /**
-     * Modifies an existing key only if it has a specific value. Fails if the key does not exists
-     * or the original value differs from the expected one.
-     * @param key is the key to be modified
-     * @param value is the new value to be set
-     * @param old_value is the value to be replaced
-     */
-    pplx::task<Response> modify_if(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, std::string const & old_value, int ttl = 0);
-
-    /**
-     * Modifies an existing key only if it has a specific value. Fails if the key does not exists
-     * or the original value differs from the expected one.
+   * Modifies an existing key only if it has a specific value. Fails if the key
+   * does not exists or the original value differs from the expected one.
    * @param key is the key to be modified
    * @param value is the new value to be set
    * @param old_value is the value to be replaced
    * @param leaseId is the lease attached to the key
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> modify_if(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, std::string const & old_value, int64_t leaseId);
+  pplx::task<Response> modify_if(std::string const& key,
+                                 std::string const& value,
+                                 std::string const& old_value,
+                                 const int64_t leaseId = 0);
 
   /**
-     * Modifies an existing key only if it has a specific modification index value. Fails if the key
-     * does not exists or the modification index of the previous value differs from the expected one.
-     * @param key is the key to be modified
-     * @param value is the new value to be set
-     * @param old_index is the expected index of the original value
-     */
-    pplx::task<Response> modify_if(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t old_index, int ttl = 0);
-
-    /**
-     * Modifies an existing key only if it has a specific modification index value. Fails if the key
-     * does not exists or the modification index of the previous value differs from the expected one.
+   * Modifies an existing key only if it has a specific modification index
+   * value. Fails if the key does not exists or the modification index of the
+   * previous value differs from the expected one.
    * @param key is the key to be modified
    * @param value is the new value to be set
    * @param old_index is the expected index of the original value
    * @param leaseId is the lease attached to the key
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> modify_if(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t old_index, int64_t leaseId);
+  pplx::task<Response> modify_if(std::string const& key,
+                                 std::string const& value, int64_t old_index,
+                                 const int64_t leaseId = 0);
 
   /**
    * Removes a single key. The key has to point to a plain, non directory entry.
    * @param key is the key to be deleted
+   *
+   * @return Returns etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND if the key does not exist.
    */
   pplx::task<Response> rm(std::string const& key);
 
   /**
-     * Removes a single key but only if it has a specific value. Fails if the key does not exists
-     * or the its value differs from the expected one.
+   * Removes a single key but only if it has a specific value. Fails if the key
+   * does not exists or the its value differs from the expected one.
    * @param key is the key to be deleted
+   *
+   * @return Returns etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND if the key does not exist.
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> rm_if(std::string const & key, std::string const & old_value);
+  pplx::task<Response> rm_if(std::string const& key,
+                             std::string const& old_value);
 
   /**
-     * Removes an existing key only if it has a specific modification index value. Fails if the key
-     * does not exists or the modification index of it differs from the expected one.
+   * Removes an existing key only if it has a specific modification index value.
+   * Fails if the key does not exists or the modification index of it differs
+   * from the expected one.
    * @param key is the key to be deleted
    * @param old_index is the expected index of the existing value
+   *
+   * @return Returns etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND if the key does not exist.
    */
   pplx::task<Response> rm_if(std::string const& key, int64_t old_index);
 
   /**
-     * Removes a directory node. Fails if the parent directory dos not exists or not a directory.
+   * Removes a directory node. Fails if the parent directory dos not exists or
+   * not a directory.
    * @param key is the directory to be created to be listed
-     * @param recursive if true then delete a whole subtree, otherwise deletes only an empty directory.
+   * @param recursive if true then delete a whole subtree, otherwise deletes
+   * only an empty directory.
+   *
+   * @return Returns etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND if the no key been deleted.
    */
   pplx::task<Response> rmdir(std::string const& key, bool recursive = false);
 
   /**
    * Removes multiple keys between [key, range_end).
    *
-     * This overload for `const char *` is to avoid const char * to bool implicit casting.
+   * This overload for `const char *` is to avoid const char * to bool implicit
+   * casting.
    *
    * @param key is the directory to be created to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be removed.
+   *
+   * @return Returns etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND if the no key been deleted.
    */
   pplx::task<Response> rmdir(std::string const& key, const char* range_end);
 
@@ -402,8 +399,11 @@ namespace etcd
    *
    * @param key is the directory to be created to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be removed.
+   *
+   * @return Returns etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND if the no key been deleted.
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> rmdir(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end);
+  pplx::task<Response> rmdir(std::string const& key,
+                             std::string const& range_end);
 
   /**
    * Gets a directory listing of the directory prefixed by the key.
@@ -416,24 +416,28 @@ namespace etcd
    * Gets a directory listing of the directory prefixed by the key.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility. 0 means no limit.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility. 0 means no
+   * limit.
    */
   pplx::task<Response> ls(std::string const& key, size_t const limit);
 
   /**
-     * Gets a directory listing of the directory prefixed by the key with given revision.
+   * Gets a directory listing of the directory prefixed by the key with given
+   * revision.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility. 0 means no limit.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility. 0 means no
+   * limit.
    * @param revision is the revision to be listed
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> ls(std::string const & key, size_t const limit, int64_t revision);
+  pplx::task<Response> ls(std::string const& key, size_t const limit,
+                          int64_t revision);
 
   /**
-     * Gets a directory listing of the directory identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get
-     * all keys in the range [key, range_end).
+   * Gets a directory listing of the directory identified by the key and
+   * range_end, i.e., get all keys in the range [key, range_end).
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be listed
@@ -441,27 +445,31 @@ namespace etcd
   pplx::task<Response> ls(std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end);
 
   /**
-     * Gets a directory listing of the directory identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get
-     * all keys in the range [key, range_end), and respects the given limit.
+   * Gets a directory listing of the directory identified by the key and
+   * range_end, i.e., get all keys in the range [key, range_end), and respects
+   * the given limit.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> ls(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, size_t const limit);
+  pplx::task<Response> ls(std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end,
+                          size_t const limit);
 
   /**
-     * Gets a directory listing of the directory identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get
-     * all keys in the range [key, range_end), and respects the given limit and revision.
+   * Gets a directory listing of the directory identified by the key and
+   * range_end, i.e., get all keys in the range [key, range_end), and respects
+   * the given limit and revision.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
    * @param revision is the revision to be listed
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> ls(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, size_t const limit, int64_t revision);
+  pplx::task<Response> ls(std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end,
+                          size_t const limit, int64_t revision);
 
   /**
    * Gets a directory listing of the directory prefixed by the key.
@@ -478,8 +486,8 @@ namespace etcd
    * Note that only keys are included in the response.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
    */
   pplx::task<Response> keys(std::string const& key, size_t const limit);
 
@@ -489,72 +497,82 @@ namespace etcd
    * Note that only keys are included in the response.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
    * @param revision is the revision to be listed
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> keys(std::string const & key, size_t const limit, int64_t revision);
+  pplx::task<Response> keys(std::string const& key, size_t const limit,
+                            int64_t revision);
 
   /**
-     * List keys identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get all keys in the range [key,
-     * range_end), and respects the given limit.
+   * List keys identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get all keys in the
+   * range [key, range_end), and respects the given limit.
    *
    * Note that only keys are included in the response.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be listed
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> keys(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end);
+  pplx::task<Response> keys(std::string const& key,
+                            std::string const& range_end);
 
   /**
-     * List keys identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get all keys in the range [key,
-     * range_end).
+   * List keys identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get all keys in the
+   * range [key, range_end).
    *
    * Note that only keys are included in the response.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> keys(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, size_t const limit);
+  pplx::task<Response> keys(std::string const& key,
+                            std::string const& range_end, size_t const limit);
 
   /**
-     * List keys identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get all keys in the range [key,
-     * range_end).
+   * List keys identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get all keys in the
+   * range [key, range_end).
    *
    * Note that only keys are included in the response.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
    * @param revision is the revision to be listed
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> keys(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, size_t const limit, int64_t revision);
+  pplx::task<Response> keys(std::string const& key,
+                            std::string const& range_end, size_t const limit,
+                            int64_t revision);
 
   /**
-     * Watches for changes of a key or a subtree. Please note that if you watch e.g. "/testdir" and
-     * a new key is created, like "/testdir/newkey" then no change happened in the value of
-     * "/testdir" so your watch will not detect this. If you want to detect addition and deletion of
-     * directory entries then you have to do a recursive watch.
+   * Watches for changes of a key or a subtree. Please note that if you watch
+   * e.g. "/testdir" and a new key is created, like "/testdir/newkey" then no
+   * change happened in the value of
+   * "/testdir" so your watch will not detect this. If you want to detect
+   * addition and deletion of directory entries then you have to do a recursive
+   * watch.
    * @param key is the value or directory to be watched
    * @param recursive if true watch a whole subtree
    */
   pplx::task<Response> watch(std::string const& key, bool recursive = false);
 
   /**
-     * Watches for changes of a key or a subtree from a specific index. The index value can be in the "past".
+   * Watches for changes of a key or a subtree from a specific index. The index
+   * value can be in the "past".
    * @param key is the value or directory to be watched
    * @param fromIndex the first index we are interested in
    * @param recursive if true watch a whole subtree
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> watch(std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex, bool recursive = false);
+  pplx::task<Response> watch(std::string const& key, int64_t fromIndex,
+                             bool recursive = false);
 
   /**
    * Watches for changes of a range of keys inside [key, range_end).
    *
-     * This overload for `const char *` is to avoid const char * to bool implicit casting.
+   * This overload for `const char *` is to avoid const char * to bool implicit
+   * casting.
    *
    * @param key is the value or directory to be watched
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be removed.
@@ -567,18 +585,21 @@ namespace etcd
    * @param key is the value or directory to be watched
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be removed.
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> watch(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end);
+  pplx::task<Response> watch(std::string const& key,
+                             std::string const& range_end);
 
   /**
-     * Watches for changes of a range of keys inside [key, range_end) from a specific index. The index value
-     * can be in the "past".
+   * Watches for changes of a range of keys inside [key, range_end) from a
+   * specific index. The index value can be in the "past".
    *
-     * Watches for changes of a key or a subtree from a specific index. The index value can be in the "past".
+   * Watches for changes of a key or a subtree from a specific index. The index
+   * value can be in the "past".
    * @param key is the value or directory to be watched
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be removed.
    * @param fromIndex the first index we are interested in
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> watch(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, int64_t fromIndex);
+  pplx::task<Response> watch(std::string const& key,
+                             std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex);
 
   /**
    * Grants a lease.
@@ -610,30 +631,52 @@ namespace etcd
   pplx::task<Response> leases();
 
   /**
-     * Gains a lock at a key, using a default created lease, using the default lease (10 seconds), with
-     * keeping alive has already been taken care of by the library.
+   * Add an etcd member to the etcd cluster, equivalent to `etcdctl member add`.
+   * @param peer_urls is comma separated list of URLs for the new member.
+   * @param is_learner is true if the added member is a learner.
+   */
+  pplx::task<Response> add_member(std::string const& peer_urls,
+                                  bool is_learner);
+
+  /**
+   * List all members, equivalent to `etcdctl member list`.
+   */
+  pplx::task<Response> list_member();
+
+  /**
+   * Add an etcd member to the etcd cluster, equivalent to `etcdctl member add`.
+   * @param member_id is the ID of the member to be removed.
+   */
+  pplx::task<Response> remove_member(const uint64_t member_id);
+
+  /**
+   * Gains a lock at a key, using a default created lease, using the default
+   * lease (10 seconds), with keeping alive has already been taken care of by
+   * the library.
    * @param key is the key to be used to request the lock.
    */
   pplx::task<Response> lock(std::string const& key);
 
   /**
-     * Lock is special, as waiting for lock may cause the thread resources (in the pplx thread pool) to
-     * be exhausted. So we need to provide a way to let the user to issue a lock without taking the a
-     * shared thread.
+   * Lock is special, as waiting for lock may cause the thread resources (in the
+   * pplx thread pool) to be exhausted. So we need to provide a way to let the
+   * user to issue a lock without taking the a shared thread.
    *
-     * This works like what we have in the sync client, but we can issue such method from the async client
-     * directly.
+   * This works like what we have in the sync client, but we can issue such
+   * method from the async client directly.
    *
-     * That would be useful when use already issue the lock from a controlled thread. See more discussion
-     * about the target scenario in https://github.com/etcd-cpp-apiv3/etcd-cpp-apiv3/issues/139
+   * That would be useful when use already issue the lock from a controlled
+   * thread. See more discussion about the target scenario in
+   * https://github.com/etcd-cpp-apiv3/etcd-cpp-apiv3/issues/139
    *
    * @param key is the key to be used to request the lock.
    */
   pplx::task<Response> lock(std::string const& key, const bool sync);
 
   /**
-     * Gains a lock at a key, using a default created lease, using the specified lease TTL (in seconds), with
-     * keeping alive has already been taken care of by the library.
+   * Gains a lock at a key, using a default created lease, using the specified
+   * lease TTL (in seconds), with keeping alive has already been taken care of
+   * by the library.
    * @param key is the key to be used to request the lock.
    * @param lease_ttl is the TTL used to create a lease for the key.
    */
@@ -642,19 +685,22 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Lock, but the sync version.
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> lock(std::string const &key, int lease_ttl, const bool sync);
+  pplx::task<Response> lock(std::string const& key, int lease_ttl,
+                            const bool sync);
 
   /**
-     * Gains a lock at a key, using a user-provided lease, the lifetime of the lease won't be taken care
-     * of by the library.
+   * Gains a lock at a key, using a user-provided lease, the lifetime of the
+   * lease won't be taken care of by the library.
    * @param key is the key to be used to request the lock.
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> lock_with_lease(std::string const &key, int64_t lease_id);
+  pplx::task<Response> lock_with_lease(std::string const& key,
+                                       int64_t lease_id);
 
   /**
    * Lock, but the sync version.
    */
-    pplx::task<Response> lock_with_lease(std::string const &key, int64_t lease_id, const bool sync);
+  pplx::task<Response> lock_with_lease(std::string const& key, int64_t lease_id,
+                                       const bool sync);
 
   /**
    * Releases a lock at a key.
@@ -696,7 +742,8 @@ namespace etcd
    * @param value is the new value to set.
    */
   pplx::task<Response> proclaim(std::string const& name, int64_t lease_id,
-                                  std::string const &key, int64_t revision, std::string const &value);
+                                std::string const& key, int64_t revision,
+                                std::string const& value);
 
   /**
    * Get the current leader proclamation.
@@ -714,7 +761,8 @@ namespace etcd
    *
    * @param name is the names of election to watch.
    *
-     * @returns an observer that holds that action and will cancel the request when being destructed.
+   * @returns an observer that holds that action and will cancel the request
+   * when being destructed.
    */
   std::unique_ptr<Observer> observe(std::string const& name);
 
@@ -748,7 +796,8 @@ namespace etcd
    * Set a timeout value for grpc operations.
    */
   template <typename Period = std::micro>
-    void set_grpc_timeout(std::chrono::duration<std::chrono::microseconds::rep, Period> const &timeout) {
+  void set_grpc_timeout(std::chrono::duration<std::chrono::microseconds::rep,
+                                              Period> const& timeout) {
     this->client->set_grpc_timeout(timeout);
   }
 
@@ -769,6 +818,6 @@ namespace etcd
   SyncClient* client = nullptr;
 };
 
-}
+}  // namespace etcd
 
 #endif

etcd/KeepAlive.hpp

@@ -3,66 +3,50 @@
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <chrono>
+#include <condition_variable>
 #include <exception>
 #include <functional>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>
 
-#include "etcd/SyncClient.hpp"
 #include "etcd/Response.hpp"
+#include "etcd/SyncClient.hpp"
 
-#include <boost/config.hpp>
-#if BOOST_VERSION >= 106600
-#include <boost/asio/io_context.hpp>
-#else
-#include <boost/asio/io_service.hpp>
-#endif
-#include <boost/asio/steady_timer.hpp>
-
-namespace etcd
-{
+namespace etcd {
 // forward declaration to avoid header/library dependency
 class Client;
 
 /**
-   * If ID is set to 0, the library will choose an ID, and can be accessed from ".Lease()".
+ * If ID is set to 0, the library will choose an ID, and can be accessed from
+ * ".Lease()".
  */
-  class KeepAlive
-  {
+class KeepAlive {
  public:
-    KeepAlive(Client const &client,
-              int ttl, int64_t lease_id = 0);
-    KeepAlive(SyncClient const &client,
-              int ttl, int64_t lease_id = 0);
-    KeepAlive(std::string const & address,
-              int ttl, int64_t lease_id = 0);
-    KeepAlive(std::string const & address,
-              std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-              int ttl, int64_t lease_id = 0,
+  KeepAlive(Client const& client, int ttl, int64_t lease_id = 0);
+  KeepAlive(SyncClient const& client, int ttl, int64_t lease_id = 0);
+  KeepAlive(std::string const& address, int ttl, int64_t lease_id = 0);
+  KeepAlive(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+            std::string const& password, int ttl, int64_t lease_id = 0,
             int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
 
   KeepAlive(Client const& client,
-              std::function<void (std::exception_ptr)> const &handler,
-              int ttl, int64_t lease_id = 0);
+            std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> const& handler, int ttl,
+            int64_t lease_id = 0);
   KeepAlive(SyncClient const& client,
-              std::function<void (std::exception_ptr)> const &handler,
-              int ttl, int64_t lease_id = 0);
+            std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> const& handler, int ttl,
+            int64_t lease_id = 0);
   KeepAlive(std::string const& address,
-              std::function<void (std::exception_ptr)> const &handler,
-              int ttl, int64_t lease_id = 0);
-    KeepAlive(std::string const & address,
-              std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-              std::function<void (std::exception_ptr)> const &handler,
-              int ttl, int64_t lease_id = 0,
-              int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
-    KeepAlive(std::string const & address,
-              std::string const & ca,
-              std::string const & cert,
-              std::string const & privkey,
-              std::function<void (std::exception_ptr)> const &handler,
-              int ttl, int64_t lease_id = 0,
-              std::string const & target_name_override = "");
+            std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> const& handler, int ttl,
+            int64_t lease_id = 0);
+  KeepAlive(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+            std::string const& password,
+            std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> const& handler, int ttl,
+            int64_t lease_id = 0, int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
+  KeepAlive(std::string const& address, std::string const& ca,
+            std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
+            std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> const& handler, int ttl,
+            int64_t lease_id = 0, std::string const& target_name_override = "");
 
   KeepAlive(KeepAlive const&) = delete;
   KeepAlive(KeepAlive&&) = delete;
@@ -75,7 +59,8 @@ namespace etcd
   void Cancel();
 
   /**
-     * Check if the keep alive is still valid (invalid when there's an async exception).
+   * Check if the keep alive is still valid (invalid when there's an async
+   * exception).
    *
    * Nothing will happen if valid and an exception will be rethrowed if invalid.
    */
@@ -86,7 +71,8 @@ namespace etcd
    */
   template <typename Rep = std::micro>
   void set_grpc_timeout(std::chrono::duration<Rep> const& timeout) {
-      this->grpc_timeout = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(timeout);
+    this->grpc_timeout =
+        std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(timeout);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -99,10 +85,10 @@ namespace etcd
   ~KeepAlive();
 
  protected:
-    // automatically refresh loop
-    void refresh();
-    // refresh once immediately
-    void refresh_once();
+  // automatically refresh loop, returns the error message if failed
+  std::string refresh();
+  // refresh once immediately, returns the error message if failed
+  std::string refresh_once();
 
   struct EtcdServerStubs;
   struct EtcdServerStubsDeleter {
@@ -115,27 +101,23 @@ namespace etcd
   std::exception_ptr eptr_;
   std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> handler_;
 
-    // Don't use `pplx::task` to avoid sharing thread pool with other actions on the client
-    // to avoid any potential blocking, which may block the keepalive loop and evict the lease.
-    std::thread task_;
+  // Don't use `pplx::task` to avoid sharing thread pool with other actions on
+  // the client to avoid any potential blocking, which may block the keepalive
+  // loop and evict the lease.
+  std::thread refresh_task_;
 
   int ttl;
   int64_t lease_id;
 
   // protect the initializing status of `timer`.
-    std::recursive_mutex mutex_for_refresh_;
+  std::mutex mutex_for_refresh_;
+  std::condition_variable cv_for_refresh_;
   std::atomic_bool continue_next;
 
   // grpc timeout in `refresh()`
-    mutable std::chrono::microseconds grpc_timeout = std::chrono::microseconds::zero();
-
-#if BOOST_VERSION >= 106600
-    boost::asio::io_context context;
-#else
-    boost::asio::io_service context;
-#endif
-    std::unique_ptr<boost::asio::steady_timer> keepalive_timer_;
+  mutable std::chrono::microseconds grpc_timeout =
+      std::chrono::microseconds::zero();
 };
-}
+}  // namespace etcd
 
 #endif

etcd/Response.hpp

@@ -2,23 +2,23 @@
 #define __ETCD_RESPONSE_HPP__
 
 #include <chrono>
-#include <iostream>
 #include <functional>
+#include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "etcd/Value.hpp"
+#include "etcd/v3/Member.hpp"
 
 namespace etcdv3 {
 class AsyncWatchAction;
 class AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction;
 class AsyncObserveAction;
 class V3Response;
-}
+}  // namespace etcdv3
 
-namespace etcd
-{
+namespace etcd {
 typedef std::vector<std::string> Keys;
 
 namespace detail {
@@ -28,62 +28,60 @@ namespace etcd
   return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
       std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - start_timepoint);
 }
-  }
+}  // namespace detail
 
 // forward declaration
 class KeepAlive;
 class Watcher;
 
 /**
-   * The Reponse object received for the requests of etcd::Client
+ * The Response object received for the requests of etcd::Client
  */
-  class Response
-  {
+class Response {
  public:
-
   template <typename T>
-    static etcd::Response create(std::unique_ptr<T> call)
-    {
+  static etcd::Response create(std::unique_ptr<T> call) {
     call->waitForResponse();
     auto v3resp = call->ParseResponse();
-        return etcd::Response(v3resp, detail::duration_till_now(call->startTimepoint()));
+    return etcd::Response(v3resp,
+                          detail::duration_till_now(call->startTimepoint()));
   }
 
   template <typename T>
-    static etcd::Response create(std::shared_ptr<T> call)
-    {
+  static etcd::Response create(std::shared_ptr<T> call) {
     call->waitForResponse();
     auto v3resp = call->ParseResponse();
-        return etcd::Response(v3resp, detail::duration_till_now(call->startTimepoint()));
+    return etcd::Response(v3resp,
+                          detail::duration_till_now(call->startTimepoint()));
   }
 
   template <typename T>
   static etcd::Response create(std::unique_ptr<T> call,
-                                 std::function<void(Response)> callback)
-    {
+                               std::function<void(Response)> callback) {
     call->waitForResponse(callback);
     auto v3resp = call->ParseResponse();
-        return etcd::Response(v3resp, detail::duration_till_now(call->startTimepoint()));
+    return etcd::Response(v3resp,
+                          detail::duration_till_now(call->startTimepoint()));
   }
 
   template <typename T>
-    static etcd::Response create(std::function<std::unique_ptr<T>()> fn)
-    {
+  static etcd::Response create(std::function<std::unique_ptr<T>()> fn) {
     auto call = fn();
 
     call->waitForResponse();
     auto v3resp = call->ParseResponse();
-        return etcd::Response(v3resp, detail::duration_till_now(call->startTimepoint()));
+    return etcd::Response(v3resp,
+                          detail::duration_till_now(call->startTimepoint()));
   }
 
   template <typename T>
-    static etcd::Response create(std::function<std::shared_ptr<T>()> fn)
-    {
+  static etcd::Response create(std::function<std::shared_ptr<T>()> fn) {
     auto call = fn();
 
     call->waitForResponse();
     auto v3resp = call->ParseResponse();
-        return etcd::Response(v3resp, detail::duration_till_now(call->startTimepoint()));
+    return etcd::Response(v3resp,
+                          detail::duration_till_now(call->startTimepoint()));
   }
 
   Response();
@@ -91,7 +89,8 @@ namespace etcd
   Response(const Response&);
 
   /**
-     * Returns the error code received from the etcd server. In case of success the error code is 0.
+   * Returns the error code received from the etcd server. In case of success
+   * the error code is 0.
    */
   int error_code() const;
 
@@ -131,17 +130,20 @@ namespace etcd
   Value const& value() const;
 
   /**
-     * Returns the previous value object of the response to a set/modify/rm operation.
+   * Returns the previous value object of the response to a set/modify/rm
+   * operation.
    */
   Value const& prev_value() const;
 
   /**
-     * Returns the index-th value of the response to an 'ls' operation. Equivalent to values()[index]
+   * Returns the index-th value of the response to an 'ls' operation. Equivalent
+   * to values()[index]
    */
   Value const& value(int index) const;
 
   /**
-     * Returns the vector of values in a directory in response to an 'ls' operation.
+   * Returns the vector of values in a directory in response to an 'ls'
+   * operation.
    */
   Values const& values() const;
 
@@ -161,6 +163,12 @@ namespace etcd
    */
   int64_t compact_revision() const;
 
+  /**
+   * Returns the watcher id for client.watch() requests. `-1` means
+   * uninitialized (the response is not for watch).
+   */
+  int64_t watch_id() const;
+
   /**
    * Returns the lock key.
    */
@@ -201,8 +209,14 @@ namespace etcd
    */
   std::vector<int64_t> const& leases() const;
 
+  /**
+   * Returns the member list.
+   */
+  std::vector<etcdv3::Member> const& members() const;
+
  protected:
-    Response(const etcdv3::V3Response& response, std::chrono::microseconds const& duration);
+  Response(const etcdv3::V3Response& response,
+           std::chrono::microseconds const& duration);
   Response(int error_code, std::string const& error_message);
   Response(int error_code, char const* error_message);
 
@@ -215,10 +229,12 @@ namespace etcd
   Values _values;
   Keys _keys;
   int64_t _compact_revision = -1;  // for watch
+  int64_t _watch_id = -1;          // for watch
   std::string _lock_key;           // for lock
   std::string _name;               // for campaign (in v3election)
   std::vector<Event> _events;      // for watch
-    // execute duration (in microseconds), during the action created and response parsed
+  // execute duration (in microseconds), during the action created and response
+  // parsed
   std::chrono::microseconds _duration;
 
   // cluster metadata
@@ -229,6 +245,9 @@ namespace etcd
   // for lease list
   std::vector<int64_t> _leases;
 
+  // for member list
+  std::vector<etcdv3::Member> _members;
+
   friend class Client;
   friend class SyncClient;
   friend class KeepAlive;
@@ -238,6 +257,6 @@ namespace etcd
   friend class etcdv3::AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction;
   friend class etcdv3::AsyncObserveAction;
 };
-}
+}  // namespace etcd
 
 #endif

etcd/SyncClient.hpp

@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ namespace etcdv3 {
 class AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveAction;
 class AsyncLeaseLeasesAction;
 class AsyncLockAction;
+class AsyncAddMemberAction;
+class AsyncListMemberAction;
+class AsyncRemoveMemberAction;
 class AsyncUnlockAction;
 class AsyncPutAction;
 class AsyncRangeAction;
@@ -43,27 +46,26 @@ namespace etcdv3 {
 namespace detail {
 std::string string_plus_one(std::string const& value);
 std::string resolve_etcd_endpoints(std::string const& default_endpoints);
-  }
-}
+}  // namespace detail
+}  // namespace etcdv3
 
 #if defined(WITH_GRPC_CHANNEL_CLASS)
 namespace grpc {
 class Channel;
 class ChannelArguments;
-}
+}  // namespace grpc
 #else
 namespace grpc_impl {
 class Channel;
 class ChannelArguments;
-}
+}  // namespace grpc_impl
 #endif
 
-namespace etcd
-{
-  using etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND;
+namespace etcd {
+using etcdv3::ERROR_ACTION_CANCELLED;
 using etcdv3::ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED;
 using etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS;
-  using etcdv3::ERROR_ACTION_CANCELLED;
+using etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND;
 
 class KeepAlive;
 class Watcher;
@@ -74,15 +76,16 @@ namespace etcd
  * Etcd operations can be reached via the methods of the client.
  */
 /**
-   * SyncClient is a wrapper around etcd::Client and provides a simplified sync interface with blocking operations.
+ * SyncClient is a wrapper around etcd::Client and provides a simplified sync
+ * interface with blocking operations.
  *
-   * In case of any exceptions occur in the backend the Response value's error_message will contain the
-   * text of the exception and the error code will be 600
+ * In case of any exceptions occur in the backend the Response value's
+ * error_message will contain the text of the exception and the error code will
+ * be 600
  *
  * Use this class only if performance does not matter.
  */
-  class SyncClient
-  {
+class SyncClient {
  private:
   class TokenAuthenticator;
   class TokenAuthenticatorDeleter {
@@ -94,9 +97,10 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
-     * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of
+   * round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
    */
   SyncClient(std::string const& etcd_url,
              std::string const& load_balancer = "round_robin");
@@ -104,8 +108,8 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param arguments user provided grpc channel arguments.
    */
   SyncClient(std::string const& etcd_url,
@@ -119,9 +123,10 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
-     * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of
+   * round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
    */
   static SyncClient* WithUrl(std::string const& etcd_url,
                              std::string const& load_balancer = "round_robin");
@@ -129,8 +134,8 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param arguments user provided grpc channel arguments.
    */
   static SyncClient* WithUrl(std::string const& etcd_url,
@@ -144,34 +149,32 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param username username of etcd auth
    * @param password password of etcd auth
-     * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
-     * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd.
+   * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of
+   * round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
+   * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also
+   * `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd.
    */
-    SyncClient(std::string const & etcd_url,
-           std::string const & username,
-           std::string const & password,
-           int const auth_token_ttl = 300,
+  SyncClient(std::string const& etcd_url, std::string const& username,
+             std::string const& password, int const auth_token_ttl = 300,
              std::string const& load_balancer = "round_robin");
 
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param username username of etcd auth
    * @param password password of etcd auth
    * @param arguments user provided grpc channel arguments.
-     * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd.
-     *                       Default value should be 300.
+   * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also
+   * `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd. Default value should be 300.
    */
-    SyncClient(std::string const & etcd_url,
-           std::string const & username,
-           std::string const & password,
-           int const auth_token_ttl,
+  SyncClient(std::string const& etcd_url, std::string const& username,
+             std::string const& password, int const auth_token_ttl,
 #if defined(WITH_GRPC_CHANNEL_CLASS)
              grpc::ChannelArguments const& arguments
 #else
@@ -179,16 +182,17 @@ namespace etcd
 #endif
   );
 
-
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param username username of etcd auth
    * @param password password of etcd auth
-     * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
-     * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd.
+   * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of
+   * round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
+   * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also
+   * `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd.
    */
   static SyncClient* WithUser(std::string const& etcd_url,
                               std::string const& username,
@@ -199,13 +203,13 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param username username of etcd auth
    * @param password password of etcd auth
    * @param arguments user provided grpc channel arguments.
-     * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd.
-     *                       Default value should be 300.
+   * @param auth_token_ttl TTL seconds for auth token, see also
+   * `--auth-token-ttl` flags of etcd. Default value should be 300.
    */
   static SyncClient* WithUser(std::string const& etcd_url,
                               std::string const& username,
@@ -218,38 +222,38 @@ namespace etcd
 #endif
   );
 
-
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param ca      root CA file for SSL/TLS connection.
-     * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
-     * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
-     * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
+   * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
+   * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
+   * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of
+   * round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
    */
-    SyncClient(std::string const & etcd_url,
-           std::string const & ca,
-           std::string const & cert,
-           std::string const & privkey,
+  SyncClient(std::string const& etcd_url, std::string const& ca,
+             std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
              std::string const& target_name_override,
              std::string const& load_balancer = "round_robin");
 
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param ca      root CA file for SSL/TLS connection.
-     * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
-     * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
+   * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
+   * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
    * @param arguments user provided grpc channel arguments.
    */
-    SyncClient(std::string const & etcd_url,
-           std::string const & ca,
-           std::string const & cert,
-           std::string const & privkey,
+  SyncClient(std::string const& etcd_url, std::string const& ca,
+             std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
              std::string const& target_name_override,
 #if defined(WITH_GRPC_CHANNEL_CLASS)
              grpc::ChannelArguments const& arguments
@@ -258,22 +262,23 @@ namespace etcd
 #endif
   );
 
-
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param ca      root CA file for SSL/TLS connection.
-     * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
-     * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
-     * @param target_name_override Override the target host name if you want to pass multiple address
-     * for load balancing with SSL, and there's no DNS. The @target_name_override@ must exist in the
-     * SANS of your SSL certificate.
-     * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
+   * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
+   * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
+   * @param target_name_override Override the target host name if you want to
+   * pass multiple address for load balancing with SSL, and there's no DNS. The
+   * @target_name_override@ must exist in the SANS of your SSL certificate.
+   * @param load_balancer is the load balance strategy, can be one of
+   * round_robin/pick_first/grpclb/xds.
    */
-    static SyncClient *WithSSL(std::string const & etcd_url,
-                                 std::string const & ca,
+  static SyncClient* WithSSL(std::string const& etcd_url, std::string const& ca,
                              std::string const& cert = "",
                              std::string const& privkey = "",
                              std::string const& target_name_override = "",
@@ -282,14 +287,16 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * Constructs an etcd client object.
    *
-     * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like "http://127.0.0.1:2379",
-     *                 or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
+   * @param etcd_url is the url of the etcd server to connect to, like
+   * "http://127.0.0.1:2379", or multiple url, separated by ',' or ';'.
    * @param ca      root CA file for SSL/TLS connection.
-     * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
-     * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty string.
-     * @param target_name_override Override the target host name if you want to pass multiple address
-     * for load balancing with SSL, and there's no DNS. The @target_name_override@ must exist in the
-     * SANS of your SSL certificate.
+   * @param cert    cert chain file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
+   * @param privkey private key file for SSL/TLS authentication, could be empty
+   * string.
+   * @param target_name_override Override the target host name if you want to
+   * pass multiple address for load balancing with SSL, and there's no DNS. The
+   * @target_name_override@ must exist in the SANS of your SSL certificate.
    * @param arguments user provided grpc channel arguments.
    */
   static SyncClient* WithSSL(std::string const& etcd_url,
@@ -324,28 +331,14 @@ namespace etcd
   Response get(std::string const& key, int64_t revision);
 
   /**
-     * Sets the value of a key. The key will be modified if already exists or created
-     * if it does not exists.
-     * @param key is the key to be created or modified
-     * @param value is the new value to be set
-     */
-    Response set(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int ttl = 0);
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the value of a key. The key will be modified if already exists or created
-     * if it does not exists.
+   * Sets the value of a key. The key will be modified if already exists or
+   * created if it does not exists.
    * @param key is the key to be created or modified
    * @param value is the new value to be set
    * @param leaseId is the lease attached to the key
    */
-    Response set(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t leaseId);
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new key and sets it's value. Fails if the key already exists.
-     * @param key is the key to be created
-     * @param value is the value to be set
-     */
-    Response add(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int ttl = 0);
+  Response set(std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+               const int64_t leaseId = 0);
 
   /**
    * Creates a new key and sets it's value. Fails if the key already exists.
@@ -353,7 +346,8 @@ namespace etcd
    * @param value is the value to be set
    * @param leaseId is the lease attached to the key
    */
-    Response add(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t leaseId);
+  Response add(std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+               const int64_t leaseId = 0);
 
   /**
    * Put a new key-value pair.
@@ -363,11 +357,13 @@ namespace etcd
   Response put(std::string const& key, std::string const& value);
 
   /**
-     * Modifies an existing key. Fails if the key does not exists.
-     * @param key is the key to be modified
-     * @param value is the new value to be set
+   * Put a new key-value pair.
+   * @param key is the key to be put
+   * @param value is the value to be put
+   * @param leaseId is the lease id to be associated with the key
    */
-    Response modify(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int ttl = 0);
+  Response put(std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+               const int64_t leaseId);
 
   /**
    * Modifies an existing key. Fails if the key does not exists.
@@ -375,81 +371,81 @@ namespace etcd
    * @param value is the new value to be set
    * @param leaseId is the lease attached to the key
    */
-    Response modify(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t leaseId);
+  Response modify(std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+                  const int64_t leaseId = 0);
 
   /**
-     * Modifies an existing key only if it has a specific value. Fails if the key does not exists
-     * or the original value differs from the expected one.
-     * @param key is the key to be modified
-     * @param value is the new value to be set
-     * @param old_value is the value to be replaced
-     */
-    Response modify_if(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, std::string const & old_value, int ttl = 0);
-
-    /**
-     * Modifies an existing key only if it has a specific value. Fails if the key does not exists
-     * or the original value differs from the expected one.
+   * Modifies an existing key only if it has a specific value. Fails if the key
+   * does not exists or the original value differs from the expected one.
    * @param key is the key to be modified
    * @param value is the new value to be set
    * @param old_value is the value to be replaced
    * @param leaseId is the lease attached to the key
    */
-    Response modify_if(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, std::string const & old_value, int64_t leaseId);
+  Response modify_if(std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+                     std::string const& old_value, const int64_t leaseId = 0);
 
   /**
-     * Modifies an existing key only if it has a specific modification index value. Fails if the key
-     * does not exists or the modification index of the previous value differs from the expected one.
-     * @param key is the key to be modified
-     * @param value is the new value to be set
-     * @param old_index is the expected index of the original value
-     */
-    Response modify_if(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t old_index, int ttl = 0);
-
-    /**
-     * Modifies an existing key only if it has a specific modification index value. Fails if the key
-     * does not exists or the modification index of the previous value differs from the expected one.
+   * Modifies an existing key only if it has a specific modification index
+   * value. Fails if the key does not exists or the modification index of the
+   * previous value differs from the expected one.
    * @param key is the key to be modified
    * @param value is the new value to be set
    * @param old_index is the expected index of the original value
    * @param leaseId is the lease attached to the key
    */
-    Response modify_if(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t old_index, int64_t leaseId);
+  Response modify_if(std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+                     int64_t old_index, const int64_t leaseId = 0);
 
   /**
    * Removes a single key. The key has to point to a plain, non directory entry.
    * @param key is the key to be deleted
+   *
+   * @return Returns etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND if the key does not exist.
    */
   Response rm(std::string const& key);
 
   /**
-     * Removes a single key but only if it has a specific value. Fails if the key does not exists
-     * or the its value differs from the expected one.
+   * Removes a single key but only if it has a specific value. Fails if the key
+   * does not exists or the its value differs from the expected one.
    * @param key is the key to be deleted
+   *
+   * @return Returns etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND if the key does not exist.
    */
   Response rm_if(std::string const& key, std::string const& old_value);
 
   /**
-     * Removes an existing key only if it has a specific modification index value. Fails if the key
-     * does not exists or the modification index of it differs from the expected one.
+   * Removes an existing key only if it has a specific modification index value.
+   * Fails if the key does not exists or the modification index of it differs
+   * from the expected one.
    * @param key is the key to be deleted
    * @param old_index is the expected index of the existing value
+   *
+   * @return Returns etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND if the key does not exist.
    */
   Response rm_if(std::string const& key, int64_t old_index);
 
   /**
-     * Removes a directory node. Fails if the parent directory dos not exists or not a directory.
+   * Removes a directory node. Fails if the parent directory dos not exists or
+   * not a directory.
    * @param key is the directory to be created to be listed
-     * @param recursive if true then delete a whole subtree, otherwise deletes only an empty directory.
+   * @param recursive if true then delete a whole subtree, otherwise deletes
+   * only an empty directory.
+   *
+   * @return Returns etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND if the no key been deleted.
    */
   Response rmdir(std::string const& key, bool recursive = false);
 
   /**
    * Removes multiple keys between [key, range_end).
    *
-     * This overload for `const char *` is to avoid const char * to bool implicit casting.
+   * This overload for `const char *` is to avoid const char * to bool implicit
+   * casting.
    *
    * @param key is the directory to be created to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be removed.
+   *
+   * @return Returns etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND if the no key been deleted.
    */
   Response rmdir(std::string const& key, const char* range_end);
 
@@ -458,6 +454,8 @@ namespace etcd
    *
    * @param key is the directory to be created to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be removed.
+   *
+   * @return Returns etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND if the no key been deleted.
    */
   Response rmdir(std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end);
 
@@ -472,24 +470,27 @@ namespace etcd
    * Gets a directory listing of the directory prefixed by the key.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility. 0 means no limit.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility. 0 means no
+   * limit.
    */
   Response ls(std::string const& key, size_t const limit);
 
   /**
-     * Gets a directory listing of the directory prefixed by the key with given revision.
+   * Gets a directory listing of the directory prefixed by the key with given
+   * revision.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility. 0 means no limit.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility. 0 means no
+   * limit.
    * @param revision is the revision to be listed
    */
   Response ls(std::string const& key, size_t const limit, int64_t revision);
 
   /**
-     * Gets a directory listing of the directory identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get
-     * all keys in the range [key, range_end).
+   * Gets a directory listing of the directory identified by the key and
+   * range_end, i.e., get all keys in the range [key, range_end).
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be listed
@@ -497,27 +498,33 @@ namespace etcd
   Response ls(std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end);
 
   /**
-     * Gets a directory listing of the directory identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get
-     * all keys in the range [key, range_end), and respects the given limit.
+   * Gets a directory listing of the directory identified by the key and
+   * range_end, i.e., get all keys in the range [key, range_end), and respects
+   * the given limit.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility. 0 means no limit.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility. 0 means no
+   * limit.
    */
-    Response ls(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, size_t const limit);
+  Response ls(std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end,
+              size_t const limit);
 
   /**
-     * Gets a directory listing of the directory identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get
-     * all keys in the range [key, range_end), and respects the given limit and revision.
+   * Gets a directory listing of the directory identified by the key and
+   * range_end, i.e., get all keys in the range [key, range_end), and respects
+   * the given limit and revision.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility. 0 means no limit.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility. 0 means no
+   * limit.
    * @param revision is the revision to be listed
    */
-    Response ls(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, size_t const limit, int64_t revision);
+  Response ls(std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end,
+              size_t const limit, int64_t revision);
 
   /**
    * Gets a directory listing of the directory prefixed by the key.
@@ -534,26 +541,27 @@ namespace etcd
    * Note that only keys are included in the response.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
    */
   Response keys(std::string const& key, size_t const limit);
 
   /**
-     * Gets a directory listing of the directory prefixed by the key with specified revision.
+   * Gets a directory listing of the directory prefixed by the key with
+   * specified revision.
    *
    * Note that only keys are included in the response.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
    * @param revision is the revision to be listed
    */
   Response keys(std::string const& key, size_t const limit, int64_t revision);
 
   /**
-     * List keys identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get all keys in the range [key,
-     * range_end).
+   * List keys identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get all keys in the
+   * range [key, range_end).
    *
    * Note that only keys are included in the response.
    *
@@ -563,54 +571,61 @@ namespace etcd
   Response keys(std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end);
 
   /**
-     * List keys identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get all keys in the range [key,
-     * range_end), and respects the given limit.
+   * List keys identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get all keys in the
+   * range [key, range_end), and respects the given limit.
    *
    * Note that only keys are included in the response.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
    */
-    Response keys(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, size_t const limit);
+  Response keys(std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end,
+                size_t const limit);
 
   /**
-     * List keys identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get all keys in the range [key,
-     * range_end), and respects the given limit and revision.
+   * List keys identified by the key and range_end, i.e., get all keys in the
+   * range [key, range_end), and respects the given limit and revision.
    *
    * Note that only keys are included in the response.
    *
    * @param key is the key to be listed
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be listed
-     * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use default parameters
-     *        to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
+   * @param limit is the size limit of results to be listed, we don't use
+   * default parameters to ensure backwards binary compatibility.
    * @param revision is the revision to be listed
    */
-    Response keys(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, size_t const limit, int64_t revision);
+  Response keys(std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end,
+                size_t const limit, int64_t revision);
 
   /**
-     * Watches for changes of a key or a subtree. Please note that if you watch e.g. "/testdir" and
-     * a new key is created, like "/testdir/newkey" then no change happened in the value of
-     * "/testdir" so your watch will not detect this. If you want to detect addition and deletion of
-     * directory entries then you have to do a recursive watch.
+   * Watches for changes of a key or a subtree. Please note that if you watch
+   * e.g. "/testdir" and a new key is created, like "/testdir/newkey" then no
+   * change happened in the value of
+   * "/testdir" so your watch will not detect this. If you want to detect
+   * addition and deletion of directory entries then you have to do a recursive
+   * watch.
    * @param key is the value or directory to be watched
    * @param recursive if true watch a whole subtree
    */
   Response watch(std::string const& key, bool recursive = false);
 
   /**
-     * Watches for changes of a key or a subtree from a specific index. The index value can be in the "past".
+   * Watches for changes of a key or a subtree from a specific index. The index
+   * value can be in the "past".
    * @param key is the value or directory to be watched
    * @param fromIndex the first index we are interested in
    * @param recursive if true watch a whole subtree
    */
-    Response watch(std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex, bool recursive = false);
+  Response watch(std::string const& key, int64_t fromIndex,
+                 bool recursive = false);
 
   /**
    * Watches for changes of a range of keys inside [key, range_end).
    *
-     * This overload for `const char *` is to avoid const char * to bool implicit casting.
+   * This overload for `const char *` is to avoid const char * to bool implicit
+   * casting.
    *
    * @param key is the value or directory to be watched
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be removed.
@@ -626,15 +641,17 @@ namespace etcd
   Response watch(std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end);
 
   /**
-     * Watches for changes of a range of keys inside [key, range_end) from a specific index. The index value
-     * can be in the "past".
+   * Watches for changes of a range of keys inside [key, range_end) from a
+   * specific index. The index value can be in the "past".
    *
-     * Watches for changes of a key or a subtree from a specific index. The index value can be in the "past".
+   * Watches for changes of a key or a subtree from a specific index. The index
+   * value can be in the "past".
    * @param key is the value or directory to be watched
    * @param range_end is the end of key range to be removed.
    * @param fromIndex the first index we are interested in
    */
-    Response watch(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, int64_t fromIndex);
+  Response watch(std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end,
+                 int64_t fromIndex);
 
   /**
    * Grants a lease.
@@ -666,23 +683,43 @@ namespace etcd
   Response leases();
 
   /**
-     * Gains a lock at a key, using a default created lease, using the default lease (10 seconds), with
-     * keeping alive has already been taken care of by the library.
+   * Add an etcd member to the etcd cluster, equivalent to `etcdctl member add`.
+   * @param peer_urls is comma separated list of URLs for the new member.
+   * @param is_learner is true if the added member is a learner.
+   */
+  Response add_member(std::string const& peer_urls, bool is_learner);
+
+  /**
+   * List all members, equivalent to `etcdctl member list`.
+   */
+  Response list_member();
+
+  /**
+   * Remove a member of an etcd cluster, equivalent to `etcdctl member remove`.
+   * @param member_id is the id of the member to be removed.
+   */
+  Response remove_member(uint64_t member_id);
+
+  /**
+   * Gains a lock at a key, using a default created lease, using the default
+   * lease (10 seconds), with keeping alive has already been taken care of by
+   * the library.
    * @param key is the key to be used to request the lock.
    */
   Response lock(std::string const& key);
 
   /**
-     * Gains a lock at a key, using a default created lease, using the specified lease TTL (in seconds), with
-     * keeping alive has already been taken care of by the library.
+   * Gains a lock at a key, using a default created lease, using the specified
+   * lease TTL (in seconds), with keeping alive has already been taken care of
+   * by the library.
    * @param key is the key to be used to request the lock.
    * @param lease_ttl is the TTL used to create a lease for the key.
    */
   Response lock(std::string const& key, int lease_ttl);
 
   /**
-     * Gains a lock at a key, using a user-provided lease, the lifetime of the lease won't be taken care
-     * of by the library.
+   * Gains a lock at a key, using a user-provided lease, the lifetime of the
+   * lease won't be taken care of by the library.
    * @param key is the key to be used to request the lock.
    */
   Response lock_with_lease(std::string const& key, int64_t lease_id);
@@ -713,7 +750,8 @@ namespace etcd
    *    - created rev:  the revision of the generated key
    *    - lease: the lease id of the election leader
    */
-    Response campaign(std::string const &name, int64_t lease_id, std::string const &value);
+  Response campaign(std::string const& name, int64_t lease_id,
+                    std::string const& value);
 
   /**
    * Updates the value of election with a new value, with leader key returns by
@@ -726,7 +764,8 @@ namespace etcd
    * @param value is the new value to set.
    */
   Response proclaim(std::string const& name, int64_t lease_id,
-                      std::string const &key, int64_t revision, std::string const &value);
+                    std::string const& key, int64_t revision,
+                    std::string const& value);
 
   /**
    * Get the current leader proclamation.
@@ -746,6 +785,7 @@ namespace etcd
     ~Observer();
     // wait at least *one* response from the observer.
     Response WaitOnce();
+
    private:
     std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncObserveAction> action = nullptr;
 
@@ -757,7 +797,8 @@ namespace etcd
    *
    * @param name is the names of election to watch.
    *
-     * @returns an observer that holds that action and will cancel the request when being destructed.
+   * @returns an observer that holds that action and will cancel the request
+   * when being destructed.
    */
   std::unique_ptr<Observer> observe(std::string const& name);
 
@@ -776,34 +817,68 @@ namespace etcd
  private:
   // TODO: use std::unique_ptr<>
   std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncHeadAction> head_internal();
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction> get_internal(std::string const & key, int64_t revision=0);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncSetAction> set_internal(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t leaseId);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncSetAction> add_internal(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t leaseId);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncPutAction> put_internal(std::string const & key, std::string const & value);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncUpdateAction> modify_internal(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t leaseId);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndSwapAction> modify_if_internal(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t old_index, std::string const & old_value, int64_t leaseId, etcdv3::AtomicityType const & atomicity_type);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncDeleteAction> rm_internal(std::string const & key);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction> rm_if_internal(std::string const & key, int64_t old_index, const std::string & old_value, etcdv3::AtomicityType const & atomicity_type);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncDeleteAction> rmdir_internal(std::string const & key, bool recursive = false);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncDeleteAction> rmdir_internal(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction> ls_internal(std::string const & key, size_t const limit, bool const keys_only = false, int64_t revision=0);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction> ls_internal(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, size_t const limit, bool const keys_only = false, int64_t revision=0);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction> watch_internal(std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex, bool recursive = false);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction> watch_internal(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, int64_t fromIndex);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncLeaseRevokeAction> leaserevoke_internal(int64_t lease_id);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveAction> leasetimetolive_internal(int64_t lease_id);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction> get_internal(
+      std::string const& key, const int64_t revision = 0);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncSetAction> add_internal(
+      std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+      const int64_t leaseId = 0);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncPutAction> put_internal(
+      std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+      const int64_t leaseId = 0);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncUpdateAction> modify_internal(
+      std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+      const int64_t leaseId = 0);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndSwapAction> modify_if_internal(
+      std::string const& key, std::string const& value, int64_t old_index,
+      std::string const& old_value, etcdv3::AtomicityType const& atomicity_type,
+      const int64_t leaseId = 0);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncDeleteAction> rm_internal(
+      std::string const& key);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction> rm_if_internal(
+      std::string const& key, int64_t old_index, const std::string& old_value,
+      etcdv3::AtomicityType const& atomicity_type);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncDeleteAction> rmdir_internal(
+      std::string const& key, bool recursive = false);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncDeleteAction> rmdir_internal(
+      std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction> ls_internal(
+      std::string const& key, size_t const limit, bool const keys_only = false,
+      int64_t revision = 0);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction> ls_internal(
+      std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end, size_t const limit,
+      bool const keys_only = false, int64_t revision = 0);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction> watch_internal(
+      std::string const& key, int64_t fromIndex, bool recursive = false);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction> watch_internal(
+      std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncLeaseRevokeAction> leaserevoke_internal(
+      int64_t lease_id);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveAction> leasetimetolive_internal(
+      int64_t lease_id);
   std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncLeaseLeasesAction> leases_internal();
-    Response lock_internal(std::string const &key, std::shared_ptr<etcd::KeepAlive> const &keepalive);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncLockAction> lock_with_lease_internal(std::string const &key, int64_t lease_id);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncUnlockAction> unlock_internal(std::string const &lock_key);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncTxnAction> txn_internal(etcdv3::Transaction const &txn);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncCampaignAction> campaign_internal(std::string const &name, int64_t lease_id, std::string const &value);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncAddMemberAction> add_member_internal(
+      std::string const& peer_urls, bool is_learner);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncListMemberAction> list_member_internal();
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncRemoveMemberAction> remove_member_internal(
+      const uint64_t member_id);
+  Response lock_internal(std::string const& key,
+                         std::shared_ptr<etcd::KeepAlive> const& keepalive);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncLockAction> lock_with_lease_internal(
+      std::string const& key, int64_t lease_id);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncUnlockAction> unlock_internal(
+      std::string const& lock_key);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncTxnAction> txn_internal(
+      etcdv3::Transaction const& txn);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncCampaignAction> campaign_internal(
+      std::string const& name, int64_t lease_id, std::string const& value);
   std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncProclaimAction> proclaim_internal(
-                      std::string const &name, int64_t lease_id,
-                      std::string const &key, int64_t revision, std::string const &value);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncLeaderAction> leader_internal(std::string const &name);
-    std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncResignAction> resign_internal(std::string const &name, int64_t lease_id,
-                                std::string const &key, int64_t revision);
+      std::string const& name, int64_t lease_id, std::string const& key,
+      int64_t revision, std::string const& value);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncLeaderAction> leader_internal(
+      std::string const& name);
+  std::shared_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncResignAction> resign_internal(
+      std::string const& name, int64_t lease_id, std::string const& key,
+      int64_t revision);
 
  public:
   /**
@@ -824,8 +899,10 @@ namespace etcd
    * Set a timeout value for grpc operations.
    */
   template <typename Period = std::micro>
-    void set_grpc_timeout(std::chrono::duration<std::chrono::microseconds::rep, Period> const &timeout) {
-      grpc_timeout = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(timeout);
+  void set_grpc_timeout(std::chrono::duration<std::chrono::microseconds::rep,
+                                              Period> const& timeout) {
+    grpc_timeout =
+        std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(timeout);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -842,8 +919,10 @@ namespace etcd
   std::shared_ptr<grpc_impl::Channel> channel;
 #endif
 
-    mutable std::unique_ptr<TokenAuthenticator, TokenAuthenticatorDeleter> token_authenticator;
-    mutable std::chrono::microseconds grpc_timeout = std::chrono::microseconds::zero();
+  mutable std::unique_ptr<TokenAuthenticator, TokenAuthenticatorDeleter>
+      token_authenticator;
+  mutable std::chrono::microseconds grpc_timeout =
+      std::chrono::microseconds::zero();
 
   struct EtcdServerStubs;
   struct EtcdServerStubsDeleter {
@@ -860,6 +939,6 @@ namespace etcd
   friend class Client;
 };
 
-}
+}  // namespace etcd
 
 #endif

etcd/Value.hpp

@@ -11,14 +11,13 @@ namespace etcdv3 {
 namespace mvccpb {
 class KeyValue;
 class Event;
-}
+}  // namespace mvccpb
 
 namespace electionpb {
 class LeaderKey;
 }
 
-namespace etcd
-{
+namespace etcd {
 class Value;
 class Event;
 class Response;
@@ -28,12 +27,11 @@ namespace etcd
 /**
  * Represents a value object received from the etcd server
  */
-  class Value
-  {
+class Value {
  public:
   /**
-     * Returns true if this value represents a directory on the server. If true the as_string()
-     * method is meaningless.
+   * Returns true if this value represents a directory on the server. If true
+   * the as_string() method is meaningless.
    */
   bool is_dir() const;
 
@@ -73,7 +71,8 @@ namespace etcd
   friend class Client;
   friend class SyncClient;
   friend class Response;
-    friend class BaseResponse; //deliberately done since Value class will be removed during full V3
+  friend class BaseResponse;  // deliberately done since Value class will be
+                              // removed during full V3
   friend class DeleteRpcResponse;
   friend class AsyncDeleteResponse;
 
@@ -92,10 +91,11 @@ namespace etcd
   int64_t leaseId;
 };
 
-  typedef std::vector<Value> Values;
+using Values = std::vector<Value>;
 
-  class Event
-  {
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Value& value);
+
+class Event {
  public:
   enum class EventType {
     PUT,
@@ -124,7 +124,12 @@ namespace etcd
   bool _has_kv, _has_prev_kv;
 };
 
-  typedef std::vector<Event> Events;
-}
+using Events = std::vector<Event>;
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Event::EventType& value);
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Event& event);
+
+}  // namespace etcd
 
 #endif

etcd/Watcher.hpp

@@ -8,32 +8,24 @@
 
 #include "etcd/Response.hpp"
 
-namespace etcd
-{
+namespace etcd {
 // forward declaration to avoid header/library dependency
 class Client;
 
-  class Watcher
-  {
+class Watcher {
  public:
   Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            bool recursive=false);
+          std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive = false);
   Watcher(SyncClient const& client, std::string const& key,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            bool recursive=false);
+          std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive = false);
   Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key,
-            std::string const &range_end,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback);
+          std::string const& range_end, std::function<void(Response)> callback);
   Watcher(SyncClient const& client, std::string const& key,
-            std::string const &range_end,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback);
+          std::string const& range_end, std::function<void(Response)> callback);
   Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key, int64_t fromIndex,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            bool recursive=false);
+          std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive = false);
   Watcher(SyncClient const& client, std::string const& key, int64_t fromIndex,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            bool recursive=false);
+          std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive = false);
   Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key,
           std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback);
@@ -41,78 +33,60 @@ namespace etcd
           std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback);
   Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            bool recursive=false);
+          std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive = false);
   Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key,
-            std::string const &range_end,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback);
+          std::string const& range_end, std::function<void(Response)> callback);
   Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key, int64_t fromIndex,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            bool recursive=false);
+          std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive = false);
   Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key,
           std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback);
-    Watcher(std::string const & address,
-            std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-            std::string const & key,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            bool recursive=false,
+  Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+          std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+          std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive = false,
           int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
-    Watcher(std::string const & address,
-            std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-            std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end,
+  Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+          std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+          std::string const& range_end, std::function<void(Response)> callback,
+          int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
+  Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+          std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+          int64_t fromIndex, std::function<void(Response)> callback,
+          bool recursive = false, int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
+  Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+          std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+          std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback,
           int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
-    Watcher(std::string const & address,
-            std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-            std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            bool recursive=false,
-            int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
-    Watcher(std::string const & address,
-            std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-            std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
-    Watcher(std::string const & address,
-            std::string const & ca,
-            std::string const & cert,
-            std::string const & privkey,
+  Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& ca,
+          std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
           std::string const& key, int64_t fromIndex,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive = false,
           std::string const& target_name_override = "");
-    Watcher(std::string const & address,
-            std::string const & ca,
-            std::string const & cert,
-            std::string const & privkey,
-            std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
+  Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& ca,
+          std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
+          std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end,
+          int64_t fromIndex, std::function<void(Response)> callback,
           std::string const& target_name_override = "");
 
   Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-            bool recursive=false);
+          std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive = false);
   Watcher(SyncClient const& client, std::string const& key,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-            bool recursive=false);
+          std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive = false);
   Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key,
-            std::string const &range_end,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
+          std::string const& range_end, std::function<void(Response)> callback,
           std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback);
   Watcher(SyncClient const& client, std::string const& key,
-            std::string const &range_end,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
+          std::string const& range_end, std::function<void(Response)> callback,
           std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback);
   Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key, int64_t fromIndex,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-            bool recursive=false);
+          std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive = false);
   Watcher(SyncClient const& client, std::string const& key, int64_t fromIndex,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-            bool recursive=false);
+          std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive = false);
   Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key,
           std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback,
@@ -123,61 +97,48 @@ namespace etcd
           std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback);
   Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-            bool recursive=false);
+          std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive = false);
   Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key,
-            std::string const &range_end,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
+          std::string const& range_end, std::function<void(Response)> callback,
           std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback);
   Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key, int64_t fromIndex,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-            bool recursive=false);
+          std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive = false);
   Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key,
           std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback,
           std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback);
-    Watcher(std::string const & address,
-            std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-            std::string const & key,
+  Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+          std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-            bool recursive=false,
+          std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive = false,
           int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
-    Watcher(std::string const & address,
-            std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-            std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end,
+  Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+          std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+          std::string const& range_end, std::function<void(Response)> callback,
+          std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
+          int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
+  Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+          std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+          int64_t fromIndex, std::function<void(Response)> callback,
+          std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive = false,
+          int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
+  Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+          std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+          std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback,
           std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
           int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
-    Watcher(std::string const & address,
-            std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
+  Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& ca,
+          std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
           std::string const& key, int64_t fromIndex,
           std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-            bool recursive=false,
-            int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
-    Watcher(std::string const & address,
-            std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-            std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-            int const auth_token_ttl = 300);
-    Watcher(std::string const & address,
-            std::string const & ca,
-            std::string const & cert,
-            std::string const & privkey,
-            std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-            std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-            bool recursive=false,
+          std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive = false,
           std::string const& target_name_override = "");
-    Watcher(std::string const & address,
-            std::string const & ca,
-            std::string const & cert,
-            std::string const & privkey,
-            std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
-            std::function<void(Response)> callback,
+  Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& ca,
+          std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
+          std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end,
+          int64_t fromIndex, std::function<void(Response)> callback,
           std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
           std::string const& target_name_override = "");
 
@@ -185,8 +146,8 @@ namespace etcd
   Watcher(Watcher&&) = delete;
 
   /**
-     * Wait util the task has been stopped, actively or passively, e.g., the watcher
-     * get cancelled or the server closes the connection.
+   * Wait util the task has been stopped, actively or passively, e.g., the
+   * watcher get cancelled or the server closes the connection.
    *
    * Returns true if the watcher is been normally cancelled, otherwise false.
    */
@@ -195,13 +156,17 @@ namespace etcd
   /**
    * An async wait, the callback will be called when the task has been stopped.
    *
-     * The callback parameter would be true if the watch is been normally cancelled.
+   * The callback parameter would be true if the watch is been normally
+   * cancelled.
    *
    * Note that you shouldn't use the watcher itself inside the `Wait()` callback
    * as the callback will be invoked in a separate **detached** thread where the
    * watcher may have been destroyed.
+   *
+   * @return true if the callback has been set successfully (no existing
+   * callback).
    */
-    void Wait(std::function<void(bool)> callback);
+  bool Wait(std::function<void(bool)> callback);
 
   /**
    * Stop the watching action.
@@ -216,16 +181,16 @@ namespace etcd
   ~Watcher();
 
  protected:
-    void doWatch(std::string const & key,
-                 std::string const & range_end,
+  void doWatch(std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end,
                std::string const& auth_token,
                std::function<void(Response)> callback);
 
   std::function<void(Response)> callback;
   std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback;
 
-    // Don't use `pplx::task` to avoid sharing thread pool with other actions on the client
-    // to avoid any potential blocking, which may block the keepalive loop and evict the lease.
+  // Don't use `pplx::task` to avoid sharing thread pool with other actions on
+  // the client to avoid any potential blocking, which may block the keepalive
+  // loop and evict the lease.
   std::thread task_;
 
   struct EtcdServerStubs;
@@ -239,6 +204,6 @@ namespace etcd
   bool recursive;
   std::atomic_bool cancelled;
 };
-}
+}  // namespace etcd
 
 #endif

etcd/v3/Action.hpp

@@ -6,33 +6,30 @@
 
 #include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
 #include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "proto/v3lock.grpc.pb.h"
 #include "proto/v3election.grpc.pb.h"
+#include "proto/v3lock.grpc.pb.h"
+
+#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
 
 using grpc::ClientContext;
 using grpc::CompletionQueue;
 using grpc::Status;
 
+using etcdserverpb::Cluster;
 using etcdserverpb::KV;
-using etcdserverpb::Watch;
 using etcdserverpb::Lease;
-using v3lockpb::Lock;
+using etcdserverpb::Watch;
 using v3electionpb::Election;
+using v3lockpb::Lock;
 
 namespace etcd {
 class Response;
 }
 
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  enum class AtomicityType
-  {
-    PREV_INDEX = 0,
-    PREV_VALUE = 1
-  };
+namespace etcdv3 {
+enum class AtomicityType { PREV_INDEX = 0, PREV_VALUE = 1 };
 
-  struct ActionParameters
-  {
+struct ActionParameters {
   ActionParameters();
   bool withPrefix;
   int64_t revision = 0;
@@ -48,9 +45,16 @@ namespace etcdv3
   std::string value;
   std::string old_value;
   std::string auth_token;
+
+  // for cluster management apis
+  std::vector<std::string> peer_urls;
+  bool is_learner;
+  uint64_t member_id;
+
   std::chrono::microseconds grpc_timeout = std::chrono::microseconds::zero();
   KV::Stub* kv_stub;
   Watch::Stub* watch_stub;
+  Cluster::Stub* cluster_stub;
   Lease::Stub* lease_stub;
   Lock::Stub* lock_stub;
   Election::Stub* election_stub;
@@ -61,8 +65,7 @@ namespace etcdv3
   void dump(std::ostream& os) const;
 };
 
-  class Action
-  {
+class Action {
  public:
   Action(etcdv3::ActionParameters const& params);
   Action(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
@@ -70,12 +73,14 @@ namespace etcdv3
 
   void waitForResponse();
   const std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::time_point startTimepoint();
+
  protected:
   Status status;
   ClientContext context;
   CompletionQueue cq_;
   etcdv3::ActionParameters parameters;
   std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::time_point start_timepoint;
+
  private:
   // Init things like auth token, etc.
   void InitAction();
@@ -86,6 +91,27 @@ namespace etcdv3
 namespace detail {
 std::string string_plus_one(std::string const& value);
 std::string resolve_etcd_endpoints(std::string const& default_endpoints);
+
+template <typename Req>
+void make_request_with_ranges(Req& req, std::string const& key,
+                              std::string const& range_end,
+                              bool const recursive) {
+  if (!recursive) {
+    req.set_key(key);
+  } else {
+    if (key.empty()) {
+      req.set_key(etcdv3::NUL);
+      req.set_range_end(etcdv3::NUL);
+    } else {
+      req.set_key(key);
+      req.set_range_end(detail::string_plus_one(key));
     }
   }
+  if (!range_end.empty()) {
+    req.set_range_end(range_end);
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+}  // namespace etcdv3
 #endif

etcd/v3/AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction.hpp

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_COMPAREANDDELETE_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_COMPAREANDDELETE_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncTxnResponse.hpp"
-
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using etcdserverpb::TxnResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::KV;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params, etcdv3::AtomicityType type);
-      AsyncTxnResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      TxnResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<TxnResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncCompareAndSwapAction.hpp

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_COMPAREANDSWAP_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_COMPAREANDSWAP_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncTxnResponse.hpp"
-
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using etcdserverpb::TxnResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::KV;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncCompareAndSwapAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncCompareAndSwapAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params, etcdv3::AtomicityType type);
-      AsyncTxnResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      TxnResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<TxnResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncDeleteAction.hpp

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_DELETE_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_DELETE_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncDeleteResponse.hpp"
-
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using etcdserverpb::DeleteRangeResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncDeleteAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncDeleteAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncDeleteResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      DeleteRangeResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<DeleteRangeResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncDeleteResponse.hpp

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_DELETERESPONSE_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_DELETERESPONSE_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/V3Response.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using etcdserverpb::DeleteRangeResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncDeleteResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncDeleteResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(std::string const& key, bool prefix, DeleteRangeResponse& resp);
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncElectionAction.hpp

@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_ELECTIONACTION_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_ELECTIONACTION_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "proto/v3election.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncElectionResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/Response.hpp"
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using grpc::ClientAsyncReader;
-using v3electionpb::CampaignRequest;
-using v3electionpb::CampaignResponse;
-using v3electionpb::ProclaimRequest;
-using v3electionpb::ProclaimResponse;
-using v3electionpb::LeaderRequest;
-using v3electionpb::LeaderResponse;
-using v3electionpb::ResignRequest;
-using v3electionpb::ResignResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncCampaignAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncCampaignAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncCampaignResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      CampaignResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<CampaignResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-
-  class AsyncProclaimAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncProclaimAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncProclaimResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      ProclaimResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<ProclaimResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-
-  class AsyncLeaderAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncLeaderAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncLeaderResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      LeaderResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<LeaderResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-
-  class AsyncObserveAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncObserveAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncObserveResponse ParseResponse();
-      void waitForResponse();
-      void CancelObserve();
-      bool Cancelled() const;
-    private:
-      LeaderResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncReader<LeaderResponse>> response_reader;
-      std::atomic_bool isCancelled;
-      std::mutex protect_is_cancalled;
-  };
-
-  class AsyncResignAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncResignAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncResignResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      ResignResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<ResignResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncElectionResponse.hpp

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_ELECTIONRESPONSE_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_ELECTIONRESPONSE_HPP__
-
-#include "proto/rpc.pb.h"
-#include "proto/v3election.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/V3Response.hpp"
-
-using v3electionpb::CampaignResponse;
-using v3electionpb::ProclaimResponse;
-using v3electionpb::LeaderResponse;
-using v3electionpb::ResignResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncCampaignResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncCampaignResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(CampaignResponse& resp);
-  };
-
-  class AsyncProclaimResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncProclaimResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(ProclaimResponse& resp);
-  };
-
-  class AsyncLeaderResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncLeaderResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(LeaderResponse& resp);
-  };
-
-  class AsyncObserveResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncObserveResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(LeaderResponse& resp);
-  };
-
-  class AsyncResignResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncResignResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(ResignResponse& resp);
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncGRPC.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+#ifndef __ASYNC_GRPC_HPP__
+#define __ASYNC_GRPC_HPP__
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <mutex>
+
+#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
+
+#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
+#include "proto/rpc.pb.h"
+#include "proto/v3election.grpc.pb.h"
+#include "proto/v3election.pb.h"
+#include "proto/v3lock.grpc.pb.h"
+#include "proto/v3lock.pb.h"
+
+#include "etcd/Response.hpp"
+#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
+#include "etcd/v3/V3Response.hpp"
+
+using grpc::ClientAsyncReader;
+using grpc::ClientAsyncReaderWriter;
+using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
+
+using etcdserverpb::KV;
+
+using etcdserverpb::DeleteRangeRequest;
+using etcdserverpb::DeleteRangeResponse;
+using etcdserverpb::LeaseCheckpointRequest;
+using etcdserverpb::LeaseCheckpointResponse;
+using etcdserverpb::LeaseGrantRequest;
+using etcdserverpb::LeaseGrantResponse;
+using etcdserverpb::LeaseKeepAliveRequest;
+using etcdserverpb::LeaseKeepAliveResponse;
+using etcdserverpb::LeaseLeasesRequest;
+using etcdserverpb::LeaseLeasesResponse;
+using etcdserverpb::LeaseRevokeRequest;
+using etcdserverpb::LeaseRevokeResponse;
+using etcdserverpb::LeaseTimeToLiveRequest;
+using etcdserverpb::LeaseTimeToLiveResponse;
+using etcdserverpb::MemberAddRequest;
+using etcdserverpb::MemberAddResponse;
+using etcdserverpb::MemberListRequest;
+using etcdserverpb::MemberListResponse;
+using etcdserverpb::MemberRemoveRequest;
+using etcdserverpb::MemberRemoveResponse;
+using etcdserverpb::PutRequest;
+using etcdserverpb::PutResponse;
+using etcdserverpb::RangeRequest;
+using etcdserverpb::RangeResponse;
+using etcdserverpb::TxnRequest;
+using etcdserverpb::TxnResponse;
+using etcdserverpb::WatchRequest;
+using etcdserverpb::WatchResponse;
+using v3electionpb::CampaignRequest;
+using v3electionpb::CampaignResponse;
+using v3electionpb::LeaderRequest;
+using v3electionpb::LeaderResponse;
+using v3electionpb::ProclaimRequest;
+using v3electionpb::ProclaimResponse;
+using v3electionpb::ResignRequest;
+using v3electionpb::ResignResponse;
+using v3lockpb::LockRequest;
+using v3lockpb::LockResponse;
+using v3lockpb::UnlockRequest;
+using v3lockpb::UnlockResponse;
+
+namespace etcd {
+class KeepAlive;
+}
+
+namespace etcdv3 {
+class Transaction;
+}
+
+namespace etcdv3 {
+class AsyncCampaignResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncCampaignResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(CampaignResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncDeleteResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncDeleteResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(DeleteRangeResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncHeadResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncHeadResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(RangeResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncLeaderResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncLeaderResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(LeaderResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncLeaseGrantResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncLeaseGrantResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(LeaseGrantResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncLeaseKeepAliveResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncLeaseKeepAliveResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(LeaseKeepAliveResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncMemberAddResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncMemberAddResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(MemberAddResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncMemberListResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncMemberListResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(MemberListResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncMemberRemoveResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncMemberRemoveResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(MemberRemoveResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncLeaseLeasesResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncLeaseLeasesResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(LeaseLeasesResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncLeaseRevokeResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncLeaseRevokeResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(LeaseRevokeResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(LeaseTimeToLiveResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncLockResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncLockResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(LockResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncObserveResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncObserveResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(LeaderResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncProclaimResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncProclaimResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(ProclaimResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncPutResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncPutResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(PutResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncRangeResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncRangeResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(RangeResponse& resp, bool prefix = false);
+};
+
+class AsyncResignResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncResignResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(ResignResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncTxnResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncTxnResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(TxnResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncUnlockResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncUnlockResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(UnlockResponse& resp);
+};
+
+class AsyncWatchResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response {
+ public:
+  AsyncWatchResponse(){};
+  void ParseResponse(WatchResponse& resp);
+};
+}  // namespace etcdv3
+
+namespace etcdv3 {
+class AsyncCampaignAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncCampaignAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncCampaignResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  CampaignResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<CampaignResponse>> response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params,
+                              etcdv3::AtomicityType type);
+  AsyncTxnResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  TxnResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<TxnResponse>> response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncCompareAndSwapAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncCompareAndSwapAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params,
+                            etcdv3::AtomicityType type);
+  AsyncTxnResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  TxnResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<TxnResponse>> response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncDeleteAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncDeleteAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncDeleteResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  DeleteRangeResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<DeleteRangeResponse>>
+      response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncHeadAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncHeadAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncHeadResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  RangeResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<RangeResponse>> response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncLeaderAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncLeaderAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncLeaderResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  LeaderResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<LeaderResponse>> response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncLeaseGrantAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncLeaseGrantAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncLeaseGrantResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  LeaseGrantResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<LeaseGrantResponse>>
+      response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncLeaseKeepAliveResponse ParseResponse();
+
+  etcd::Response Refresh();
+  void CancelKeepAlive();
+  bool Cancelled() const;
+
+ private:
+  etcdv3::ActionParameters& mutable_parameters();
+
+  LeaseKeepAliveResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<
+      ClientAsyncReaderWriter<LeaseKeepAliveRequest, LeaseKeepAliveResponse>>
+      stream;
+
+  LeaseKeepAliveRequest req;
+  std::atomic_bool isCancelled;
+  std::recursive_mutex protect_is_cancelled;
+
+  friend class etcd::KeepAlive;
+};
+
+class AsyncAddMemberAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncAddMemberAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncMemberAddResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  MemberAddResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<MemberAddResponse>> response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncListMemberAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncListMemberAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncMemberListResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  MemberListResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<MemberListResponse>>
+      response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncRemoveMemberAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncRemoveMemberAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncMemberRemoveResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  MemberRemoveResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<MemberRemoveResponse>>
+      response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncLeaseLeasesAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncLeaseLeasesAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncLeaseLeasesResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  LeaseLeasesResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<LeaseLeasesResponse>>
+      response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncLeaseRevokeAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncLeaseRevokeAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncLeaseRevokeResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  LeaseRevokeResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<LeaseRevokeResponse>>
+      response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  LeaseTimeToLiveResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<LeaseTimeToLiveResponse>>
+      response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncLockAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncLockAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncLockResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  LockResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<LockResponse>> response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncObserveAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncObserveAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncObserveResponse ParseResponse();
+  void waitForResponse();
+  void CancelObserve();
+  bool Cancelled() const;
+
+ private:
+  LeaderResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncReader<LeaderResponse>> response_reader;
+  std::atomic_bool isCancelled;
+  std::mutex protect_is_cancelled;
+};
+
+class AsyncProclaimAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncProclaimAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncProclaimResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  ProclaimResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<ProclaimResponse>> response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncPutAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncPutAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncPutResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  PutResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<PutResponse>> response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncRangeAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncRangeAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncRangeResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  RangeResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<RangeResponse>> response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncResignAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncResignAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncResignResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  ResignResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<ResignResponse>> response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncSetAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncSetAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params, bool create = false);
+  AsyncTxnResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  TxnResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<TxnResponse>> response_reader;
+  bool isCreate;
+};
+
+class AsyncTxnAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncTxnAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params,
+                 etcdv3::Transaction const& tx);
+  AsyncTxnResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  TxnResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<TxnResponse>> response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncUnlockAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncUnlockAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncUnlockResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  UnlockResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<UnlockResponse>> response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncUpdateAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncUpdateAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncTxnResponse ParseResponse();
+
+ private:
+  TxnResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<TxnResponse>> response_reader;
+};
+
+class AsyncWatchAction : public etcdv3::Action {
+ public:
+  AsyncWatchAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params);
+  AsyncWatchResponse ParseResponse();
+  void waitForResponse();
+  void waitForResponse(std::function<void(etcd::Response)> callback);
+  void CancelWatch();
+  bool Cancelled() const;
+
+ private:
+  int64_t watch_id = -1;
+  WatchResponse reply;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncReaderWriter<WatchRequest, WatchResponse>> stream;
+  std::atomic_bool isCancelled;
+};
+}  // namespace etcdv3
+
+#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncHeadAction.hpp

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_HEAD_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_HEAD_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncHeadResponse.hpp"
-
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using etcdserverpb::RangeResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncHeadAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncHeadAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncHeadResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      RangeResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<RangeResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncHeadResponse.hpp

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_HEADRESPONSE_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_HEADRESPONSE_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/V3Response.hpp"
-
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using etcdserverpb::RangeResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncHeadResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncHeadResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(RangeResponse& resp);
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncLeaseAction.hpp

@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_LEASEACTION_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_LEASEACTION_HPP__
-
-#include <mutex>
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncLeaseResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/Response.hpp"
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using grpc::ClientAsyncReaderWriter;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseGrantResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseRevokeResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseCheckpoint;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseCheckpointResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseKeepAliveRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseKeepAliveResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseTimeToLiveResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseStatus;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseLeasesResponse;
-
-namespace etcd {
-  class KeepAlive;
-}
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncLeaseGrantAction : public etcdv3::Action {
-    public:
-      AsyncLeaseGrantAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncLeaseGrantResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      LeaseGrantResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<LeaseGrantResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-
-  class AsyncLeaseRevokeAction: public etcdv3::Action {
-    public:
-      AsyncLeaseRevokeAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncLeaseRevokeResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      LeaseRevokeResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<LeaseRevokeResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-
-  class AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction: public etcdv3::Action {
-    public:
-      AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncLeaseKeepAliveResponse ParseResponse();
-
-      etcd::Response Refresh();
-      void CancelKeepAlive();
-      bool Cancelled() const;
-
-    private:
-      etcdv3::ActionParameters& mutable_parameters();
-
-      LeaseKeepAliveResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncReaderWriter<LeaseKeepAliveRequest, LeaseKeepAliveResponse>> stream;
-
-      LeaseKeepAliveRequest req;
-      bool isCancelled;
-      std::recursive_mutex protect_is_cancelled;
-
-      friend class etcd::KeepAlive;
-  };
-
-  class AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveAction: public etcdv3::Action {
-    public:
-      AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      LeaseTimeToLiveResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<LeaseTimeToLiveResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-
-  class AsyncLeaseLeasesAction: public etcdv3::Action {
-    public:
-      AsyncLeaseLeasesAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncLeaseLeasesResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      LeaseLeasesResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<LeaseLeasesResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncLeaseResponse.hpp

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_LEASERESPONSE_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_LEASERESPONSE_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/V3Response.hpp"
-
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseGrantResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseRevokeResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseCheckpoint;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseCheckpointResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseKeepAliveResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseTimeToLiveResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseStatus;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseLeasesResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncLeaseGrantResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncLeaseGrantResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(LeaseGrantResponse& resp);
-  };
-
-  class AsyncLeaseRevokeResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncLeaseRevokeResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(LeaseRevokeResponse& resp);
-  };
-
-  class AsyncLeaseKeepAliveResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncLeaseKeepAliveResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(LeaseKeepAliveResponse& resp);
-  };
-
-  class AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(LeaseTimeToLiveResponse& resp);
-  };
-
-  class AsyncLeaseLeasesResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncLeaseLeasesResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(LeaseLeasesResponse& resp);
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncLockAction.hpp

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_LOCKACTION_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_LOCKACTION_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/v3lock.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncLockResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/Response.hpp"
-
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using v3lockpb::LockRequest;
-using v3lockpb::LockResponse;
-using v3lockpb::UnlockRequest;
-using v3lockpb::UnlockResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncLockAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncLockAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncLockResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      LockResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<LockResponse>> response_reader;   
-  };
-
-  class AsyncUnlockAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncUnlockAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncUnlockResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      UnlockResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<UnlockResponse>> response_reader;   
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncLockResponse.hpp

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_LOCK_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_LOCK_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/v3lock.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/V3Response.hpp"
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using v3lockpb::LockRequest;
-using v3lockpb::LockResponse;
-using v3lockpb::UnlockRequest;
-using v3lockpb::UnlockResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncLockResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncLockResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(LockResponse& resp);
-  };
-
-  class AsyncUnlockResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncUnlockResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(UnlockResponse& resp);
-  };
-}
-
-#endif
-

etcd/v3/AsyncPutAction.hpp

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_PUT_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_PUT_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncPutResponse.hpp"
-
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using etcdserverpb::PutResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncPutAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncPutAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncPutResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      PutResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<PutResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncPutResponse.hpp

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_PUTRESPONSE_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_PUTRESPONSE_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/V3Response.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using etcdserverpb::PutResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncPutResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncPutResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(PutResponse& resp);
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncRangeAction.hpp

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_RANGE_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_RANGE_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncRangeResponse.hpp"
-
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using etcdserverpb::RangeResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncRangeAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncRangeAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncRangeResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      RangeResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<RangeResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncRangeResponse.hpp

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_RANGERESPONSE_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_RANGERESPONSE_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/V3Response.hpp"
-
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using etcdserverpb::RangeResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncRangeResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncRangeResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(RangeResponse& resp, bool prefix=false);
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncSetAction.hpp

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_SET_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_SET_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncTxnResponse.hpp"
-
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using etcdserverpb::TxnResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::KV;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncSetAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncSetAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params, bool create=false);
-      AsyncTxnResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      TxnResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<TxnResponse>> response_reader;
-      bool isCreate;
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncTxnAction.hpp

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_TXNACTION_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_TXNACTION_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncTxnResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/Transaction.hpp"
-
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using etcdserverpb::TxnRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::TxnResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::KV;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncTxnAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncTxnAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params, etcdv3::Transaction const &tx);
-      AsyncTxnResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      TxnResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<TxnResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncTxnResponse.hpp

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_TXNRESPONSE_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_TXNRESPONSE_HPP__
-
-#include "proto/rpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/V3Response.hpp"
-
-using etcdserverpb::TxnResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncTxnResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncTxnResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(TxnResponse& resp);
-      void ParseResponse(std::string const& key, bool prefix, TxnResponse& resp);
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncUpdateAction.hpp

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_UPDATE_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_UPDATE_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncTxnResponse.hpp"
-
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncResponseReader;
-using etcdserverpb::TxnResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::KV;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncUpdateAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncUpdateAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncTxnResponse ParseResponse();
-    private:
-      TxnResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<TxnResponse>> response_reader;
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncWatchAction.hpp

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_WATCHACTION_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_WATCHACTION_HPP__
-
-#include <atomic>
-#include <mutex>
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncWatchResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/Response.hpp"
-
-using grpc::ClientAsyncReaderWriter;
-using etcdserverpb::WatchRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::WatchResponse;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncWatchAction : public etcdv3::Action
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncWatchAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params);
-      AsyncWatchResponse ParseResponse();
-      void waitForResponse();
-      void waitForResponse(std::function<void(etcd::Response)> callback);
-      void CancelWatch();
-      bool Cancelled() const;
-    private:
-      int64_t watch_id = -1;
-      WatchResponse reply;
-      std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncReaderWriter<WatchRequest,WatchResponse>> stream;
-      std::atomic_bool isCancelled;
-  };
-}
-
-#endif

etcd/v3/AsyncWatchResponse.hpp

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ASYNC_WATCH_HPP__
-#define __ASYNC_WATCH_HPP__
-
-#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
-#include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "proto/rpc.pb.h"
-#include "etcd/v3/V3Response.hpp"
-
-
-using etcdserverpb::WatchRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::WatchResponse;
-using etcdserverpb::KV;
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class AsyncWatchResponse : public etcdv3::V3Response
-  {
-    public:
-      AsyncWatchResponse(){};
-      void ParseResponse(WatchResponse& resp);
-  };
-}
-
-#endif
-

etcd/v3/KeyValue.hpp

@@ -3,18 +3,16 @@
 
 #include "proto/kv.pb.h"
 
-
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class KeyValue
-  {
+namespace etcdv3 {
+class KeyValue {
  public:
   KeyValue();
   mvccpb::KeyValue kvs;
   void set_ttl(int ttl);
   int get_ttl() const;
+
  private:
   int ttl;
 };
-}
+}  // namespace etcdv3
 #endif

etcd/v3/Member.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#ifndef __V3_ETCDV3MEMBERS_HPP__
+#define __V3_ETCDV3MEMBERS_HPP__
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+using namespace std;
+
+namespace etcdv3 {
+class Member {
+ public:
+  Member();
+
+  void set_id(uint64_t const& id);
+  uint64_t const& get_id() const;
+  void set_name(std::string const& name);
+  std::string const& get_name() const;
+  void set_peerURLs(std::vector<std::string> const& peerURLs);
+  std::vector<std::string> const& get_peerURLs() const;
+  void set_clientURLs(std::vector<std::string> const& clientURLs);
+  std::vector<std::string> const& get_clientURLs() const;
+  void set_learner(bool isLearner);
+  bool get_learner() const;
+
+ private:
+  uint64_t id;
+  std::string name;
+  std::vector<std::string> peerURLs;
+  std::vector<std::string> clientURLs;
+  bool isLearner;
+};
+}  // namespace etcdv3
+#endif

etcd/v3/Transaction.hpp

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #ifndef V3_SRC_TRANSACTION_HPP_
 #define V3_SRC_TRANSACTION_HPP_
 
-#include <string>
 #include <memory>
+#include <string>
 
 namespace etcdserverpb {
 class TxnRequest;
@@ -28,33 +28,196 @@ enum class CompareTarget {
 class Transaction {
  public:
   Transaction();
-    Transaction(std::string const&);
-    virtual ~Transaction();
+  ~Transaction();
 
-    // Set a new key for different comparisons and /put/get/delete requests.
-    void reset_key(std::string const& newkey);
+  union Value {
+    int64_t version;
+    int64_t create_revision;
+    int64_t mod_revision;
+    std::string value;
+    int64_t lease;
+  };
 
-    void init_compare(CompareResult, CompareTarget);
-    void init_compare(std::string const &old_value, CompareResult, CompareTarget);
-    void init_compare(int64_t old_value, CompareResult, CompareTarget);
+  void add_compare(std::string const& key, CompareTarget const& target,
+                   CompareResult const& result, Value const& target_value,
+                   std::string const& range_end = "");
 
-    void setup_basic_failure_operation(std::string const &key);
-    void setup_set_failure_operation(std::string const &key, std::string const &value, int64_t leaseid);
-    void setup_basic_create_sequence(std::string const &key, std::string const &value, int64_t leaseid);
-    void setup_compare_and_swap_sequence(std::string const &valueToSwap, int64_t leaseid);
-    void setup_delete_sequence(std::string const &key, std::string const &range_end, bool recursive);
-    void setup_delete_failure_operation(std::string const &key, std::string const &range_end, bool recursive);
-    void setup_compare_and_delete_operation(std::string const& key);
+  void add_compare_version(std::string const& key, int64_t const& version,
+                           std::string const& range_end = "");
+  void add_compare_version(std::string const& key, CompareResult const& result,
+                           int64_t const& version,
+                           std::string const& range_end = "");
+  void add_compare_create(std::string const& key,
+                          int64_t const& create_revision,
+                          std::string const& range_end = "");
+  void add_compare_create(std::string const& key, CompareResult const& result,
+                          int64_t const& create_revision,
+                          std::string const& range_end = "");
+  void add_compare_mod(std::string const& key, int64_t const& mod_revision,
+                       std::string const& range_end = "");
+  void add_compare_mod(std::string const& key, CompareResult const& result,
+                       int64_t const& mod_revision,
+                       std::string const& range_end = "");
+  void add_compare_value(std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+                         std::string const& range_end = "");
+  void add_compare_value(std::string const& key, CompareResult const& result,
+                         std::string const& value,
+                         std::string const& range_end = "");
+  void add_compare_lease(std::string const& key, int64_t const& lease,
+                         std::string const& range_end = "");
+  void add_compare_lease(std::string const& key, CompareResult const& result,
+                         int64_t const& lease,
+                         std::string const& range_end = "");
+
+  void add_success_range(std::string const& key,
+                         std::string const& range_end = "",
+                         bool const recursive = false, const int64_t limit = 0);
+  void add_success_put(std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+                       int64_t const leaseid = 0, const bool prev_kv = false);
+  void add_success_delete(std::string const& key,
+                          std::string const& range_end = "",
+                          bool const recursive = false,
+                          const bool prev_kv = false);
+  void add_success_txn(const std::shared_ptr<Transaction> txn);
+
+  void add_failure_range(std::string const& key,
+                         std::string const& range_end = "",
+                         bool const recursive = false, const int64_t limit = 0);
+  void add_failure_put(std::string const& key, std::string const& value,
+                       int64_t const leaseid = 0, const bool prev_kv = false);
+  void add_failure_delete(std::string const& key,
+                          std::string const& range_end = "",
+                          bool const recursive = false,
+                          const bool prev_kv = false);
+  void add_failure_txn(const std::shared_ptr<Transaction> txn);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Compare, and create if succeed. If failed, the response will
+   *        contains the previous value in "values()" field.
+   */
+  void setup_compare_and_create(std::string const& key,
+                                std::string const& prev_value,
+                                std::string const& create_key,
+                                std::string const& value,
+                                int64_t const leaseid = 0);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Compare, or create if failed. If failed, the response will contains
+   *        the previous value in "values()" field.
+   */
+  void setup_compare_or_create(std::string const& key,
+                               std::string const& prev_value,
+                               std::string const& create_key,
+                               std::string const& value,
+                               int64_t const leaseid = 0);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Compare, and swap if succeed. If failed, the response will contains
+   *        the previous value in "values()" field.
+   */
+  void setup_compare_and_swap(std::string const& key,
+                              std::string const& prev_value,
+                              std::string const& value,
+                              int64_t const leaseid = 0);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Compare, and swap if failed. If failed, the response will contains
+   *        the previous value in "values()" field.
+   */
+  void setup_compare_or_swap(std::string const& key,
+                             std::string const& prev_value,
+                             std::string const& value,
+                             int64_t const leaseid = 0);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Compare, and delete if succeed. If failed, the response will
+   *        contains the previous value in "values()" field.
+   */
+  void setup_compare_and_delete(std::string const& key,
+                                std::string const& prev_value,
+                                std::string const& delete_key,
+                                std::string const& range_end = "",
+                                const bool recursive = false);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Compare, or delete if failed. If failed, the response will contains
+   * the previous value in "values()" field.
+   */
+  void setup_compare_or_delete(std::string const& key,
+                               std::string const& prev_value,
+                               std::string const& delete_key,
+                               std::string const& range_end = "",
+                               const bool recursive = false);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Compare, and create if succeed. If failed, the response will
+   *        contains the previous value in "values()" field.
+   */
+  void setup_compare_and_create(std::string const& key,
+                                const int64_t prev_revision,
+                                std::string const& create_key,
+                                std::string const& value,
+                                int64_t const leaseid = 0);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Compare, or create if failed. If failed, the response will contains
+   *        the previous value in "values()" field.
+   */
+  void setup_compare_or_create(std::string const& key,
+                               const int64_t prev_revision,
+                               std::string const& create_key,
+                               std::string const& value,
+                               int64_t const leaseid = 0);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Compare, and swap if succeed. If failed, the response will contains
+   *        the previous value in "values()" field.
+   */
+  void setup_compare_and_swap(std::string const& key,
+                              const int64_t prev_revision,
+                              std::string const& value,
+                              int64_t const leaseid = 0);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Compare, and swap if failed. If failed, the response will contains
+   *        the previous value in "values()" field.
+   */
+  void setup_compare_or_swap(std::string const& key,
+                             const int64_t prev_revision,
+                             std::string const& value,
+                             int64_t const leaseid = 0);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Compare, and delete if succeed. If failed, the response will
+   *        contains the previous value in "values()" field.
+   */
+  void setup_compare_and_delete(std::string const& key,
+                                const int64_t prev_revision,
+                                std::string const& delete_key,
+                                std::string const& range_end = "",
+                                const bool recursive = false);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Compare, or delete if failed. If failed, the response will contains
+   * the previous value in "values()" field.
+   */
+  void setup_compare_or_delete(std::string const& key,
+                               const int64_t prev_revision,
+                               std::string const& delete_key,
+                               std::string const& range_end = "",
+                               const bool recursive = false);
+
+  // Keep for backwards compatibility.
 
   // update without `get` and no `prev_kv` returned
   void setup_put(std::string const& key, std::string const& value);
   void setup_delete(std::string const& key);
+  void setup_delete(std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end,
+                    const bool recursive = false);
 
   std::shared_ptr<etcdserverpb::TxnRequest> txn_request;
-  private:
-    std::string key;
 };
 
-}
+}  // namespace etcdv3
 
 #endif

etcd/v3/V3Response.hpp

@@ -6,11 +6,10 @@
 #include "proto/v3election.pb.h"
 
 #include "etcd/v3/KeyValue.hpp"
+#include "etcd/v3/Member.hpp"
 
-namespace etcdv3
-{
-  class V3Response
-  {
+namespace etcdv3 {
+class V3Response {
  public:
   V3Response() : error_code(0), index(0){};
   void set_error_code(int code);
@@ -26,6 +25,9 @@ namespace etcdv3
   etcdv3::KeyValue const& get_prev_value() const;
   bool has_values() const;
   int64_t get_compact_revision() const;
+  void set_compact_revision(const int64_t compact_revision);
+  int64_t get_watch_id() const;
+  void set_watch_id(const int64_t watch_id);
   void set_lock_key(std::string const& key);
   std::string const& get_lock_key() const;
   void set_name(std::string const& name);
@@ -35,6 +37,8 @@ namespace etcdv3
   uint64_t get_member_id() const;
   uint64_t get_raft_term() const;
   std::vector<int64_t> const& get_leases() const;
+  std::vector<etcdv3::Member> const& get_members() const;
+
  protected:
   int error_code;
   int64_t index;
@@ -45,6 +49,7 @@ namespace etcdv3
   std::vector<etcdv3::KeyValue> values;
   std::vector<etcdv3::KeyValue> prev_values;
   int64_t compact_revision = -1;
+  int64_t watch_id = -1;
   std::string lock_key;               // for lock
   std::string name;                   // for campaign (in v3election)
   std::vector<mvccpb::Event> events;  // for watch
@@ -56,6 +61,8 @@ namespace etcdv3
 
   // for lease list
   std::vector<int64_t> leases;
+  // for member list
+  std::vector<etcdv3::Member> members;
 };
-}
+}  // namespace etcdv3
 #endif

etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
-namespace etcdv3
-{
+namespace etcdv3 {
 extern char const* CREATE_ACTION;
 extern char const* UPDATE_ACTION;
 extern char const* SET_ACTION;
@@ -24,6 +23,10 @@ namespace etcdv3
 extern char const* LEASETIMETOLIVE;
 extern char const* LEASELEASES;
 
+extern char const* ADDMEMBER;
+extern char const* LISTMEMBER;
+extern char const* REMOVEMEMBER;
+
 extern char const* CAMPAIGN_ACTION;
 extern char const* PROCLAIM_ACTION;
 extern char const* LEADER_ACTION;
@@ -45,6 +48,7 @@ namespace etcdv3
 extern char const* WATCH_FINISH;
 
 extern char const* ELECTION_OBSERVE_CREATE;
+extern char const* ELECTION_OBSERVE_FINISH;
 
 extern const int ERROR_GRPC_OK;
 extern const int ERROR_GRPC_CANCELLED;
@@ -68,6 +72,6 @@ namespace etcdv3
 extern const int ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED;
 extern const int ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS;
 extern const int ERROR_ACTION_CANCELLED;
-}
+}  // namespace etcdv3
 
 #endif

src/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -19,38 +19,50 @@ file(GLOB_RECURSE CPP_CLIENT_CORE_SRC
 
 add_library(etcd-cpp-api-core-objects OBJECT ${CPP_CLIENT_CORE_SRC} ${PROTOBUF_GENERATES})
 use_cxx(etcd-cpp-api-core-objects)
+set_exceptions(etcd-cpp-api-core-objects)
 add_dependencies(etcd-cpp-api-core-objects protobuf_generates)
 include_generated_protobuf_files(etcd-cpp-api-core-objects)
 target_link_libraries(etcd-cpp-api-core-objects PUBLIC
-                      ${Boost_LIBRARIES}
-                      ${PROTOBUF_LIBRARIES}
                       ${OPENSSL_LIBRARIES}
                       ${GRPC_LIBRARIES}
 )
+if(TARGET protobuf::libprotobuf)
+    target_link_libraries(etcd-cpp-api-core-objects PUBLIC protobuf::libprotobuf)
+else()
+    target_link_libraries(etcd-cpp-api-core-objects PUBLIC ${PROTOBUF_LIBRARIES})
+endif()
 
 if(BUILD_ETCD_CORE_ONLY)
     # add the core library, includes the sycnhronous client only
     add_library(etcd-cpp-api-core $<TARGET_OBJECTS:etcd-cpp-api-core-objects>)
     use_cxx(etcd-cpp-api-core)
+    set_exceptions(etcd-cpp-api-core)
     target_link_libraries(etcd-cpp-api-core PUBLIC
-                         ${Boost_LIBRARIES}
-                         ${PROTOBUF_LIBRARIES}
                           ${OPENSSL_LIBRARIES}
                           ${GRPC_LIBRARIES}
     )
+    if(TARGET protobuf::libprotobuf)
+        target_link_libraries(etcd-cpp-api-core PUBLIC protobuf::libprotobuf)
+    else()
+        target_link_libraries(etcd-cpp-api-core PUBLIC ${PROTOBUF_LIBRARIES})
+    endif()
     include_generated_protobuf_files(etcd-cpp-api-core)
 else()
     # add the client with asynchronus client
     add_library(etcd-cpp-api $<TARGET_OBJECTS:etcd-cpp-api-core-objects>
                             "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Client.cpp")
     use_cxx(etcd-cpp-api)
+    set_exceptions(etcd-cpp-api)
     target_link_libraries(etcd-cpp-api PUBLIC
-                          ${Boost_LIBRARIES}
                           ${CPPREST_LIB}  # n.b.: the asynchronous client requires pplx in cpprestsdk
-                          ${PROTOBUF_LIBRARIES}
                           ${OPENSSL_LIBRARIES}
                           ${GRPC_LIBRARIES}
     )
+    if(TARGET protobuf::libprotobuf)
+        target_link_libraries(etcd-cpp-api PUBLIC protobuf::libprotobuf)
+    else()
+        target_link_libraries(etcd-cpp-api PUBLIC ${PROTOBUF_LIBRARIES})
+    endif()
     include_generated_protobuf_files(etcd-cpp-api)
 endif()
 

src/Client.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #if defined(_WIN32)
-// see also: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2561368/illegal-token-on-right-side-of
+// see also:
+// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2561368/illegal-token-on-right-side-of
 #define NOMINMAX
 #endif
 
@@ -19,8 +20,8 @@
 #endif
 
 #include <chrono>
-#include <iostream>
 #include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -28,62 +29,36 @@
 #include <thread>
 #include <utility>
 
-#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
-
 #include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
 #include <grpc++/security/credentials.h>
 #include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
-#include "proto/v3lock.grpc.pb.h"
 #include "proto/v3election.grpc.pb.h"
+#include "proto/v3lock.grpc.pb.h"
 
 #include "etcd/Client.hpp"
 #include "etcd/KeepAlive.hpp"
 #include "etcd/Watcher.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
 #include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncRangeResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncWatchResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncDeleteResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncPutResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncLockResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncElectionResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncTxnResponse.hpp"
+#include "etcd/v3/AsyncGRPC.hpp"
 #include "etcd/v3/Transaction.hpp"
+#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
 
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncSetAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncCompareAndSwapAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncUpdateAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncHeadAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncRangeAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncDeleteAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncPutAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncWatchAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncLeaseAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncLockAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncElectionAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncTxnAction.hpp"
-
-etcd::Client::Client(etcd::SyncClient *client): client(client)
-{
+etcd::Client::Client(etcd::SyncClient* client) : client(client) {
   this->own_client = false;
 }
 
-etcd::Client* WithClient(etcd::SyncClient *client)
-{
+etcd::Client* WithClient(etcd::SyncClient* client) {
   return new etcd::Client(client);
 }
 
 etcd::Client::Client(std::string const& address,
-                     std::string const & load_balancer)
-{
+                     std::string const& load_balancer) {
   this->own_client = true;
   this->client = new SyncClient(address, load_balancer);
 }
 
 etcd::Client::Client(std::string const& address,
-                     grpc::ChannelArguments const & arguments)
-{
+                     grpc::ChannelArguments const& arguments) {
   this->own_client = true;
   this->client = new SyncClient(address, arguments);
 }
@@ -98,24 +73,20 @@ etcd::Client *etcd::Client::WithUrl(std::string const & etcd_url,
   return new etcd::Client(etcd_url, arguments);
 }
 
-etcd::Client::Client(std::string const & address,
-                     std::string const & username,
-                     std::string const & password,
-                     int const auth_token_ttl,
-                     std::string const & load_balancer)
-{
+etcd::Client::Client(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+                     std::string const& password, int const auth_token_ttl,
+                     std::string const& load_balancer) {
   this->own_client = true;
-  this->client = new SyncClient(address, username, password, auth_token_ttl, load_balancer);
+  this->client = new SyncClient(address, username, password, auth_token_ttl,
+                                load_balancer);
 }
 
-etcd::Client::Client(std::string const & address,
-                     std::string const & username,
-                     std::string const & password,
-                     int const auth_token_ttl,
-                     grpc::ChannelArguments const & arguments)
-{
+etcd::Client::Client(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+                     std::string const& password, int const auth_token_ttl,
+                     grpc::ChannelArguments const& arguments) {
   this->own_client = true;
-  this->client = new SyncClient(address, username, password, auth_token_ttl, arguments);
+  this->client =
+      new SyncClient(address, username, password, auth_token_ttl, arguments);
 }
 
 etcd::Client* etcd::Client::WithUser(std::string const& etcd_url,
@@ -123,7 +94,8 @@ etcd::Client *etcd::Client::WithUser(std::string const & etcd_url,
                                      std::string const& password,
                                      int const auth_token_ttl,
                                      std::string const& load_balancer) {
-  return new etcd::Client(etcd_url, username, password, auth_token_ttl, load_balancer);
+  return new etcd::Client(etcd_url, username, password, auth_token_ttl,
+                          load_balancer);
 }
 
 etcd::Client* etcd::Client::WithUser(std::string const& etcd_url,
@@ -131,30 +103,26 @@ etcd::Client *etcd::Client::WithUser(std::string const & etcd_url,
                                      std::string const& password,
                                      int const auth_token_ttl,
                                      grpc::ChannelArguments const& arguments) {
-  return new etcd::Client(etcd_url, username, password, auth_token_ttl, arguments);
+  return new etcd::Client(etcd_url, username, password, auth_token_ttl,
+                          arguments);
 }
 
-
-etcd::Client::Client(std::string const & address,
-                     std::string const & ca,
-                     std::string const & cert,
-                     std::string const & privkey,
+etcd::Client::Client(std::string const& address, std::string const& ca,
+                     std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
                      std::string const& target_name_override,
-                     std::string const & load_balancer)
-{
+                     std::string const& load_balancer) {
   this->own_client = true;
-  this->client = new SyncClient(address, ca, cert, privkey, target_name_override, load_balancer);
+  this->client = new SyncClient(address, ca, cert, privkey,
+                                target_name_override, load_balancer);
 }
 
-etcd::Client::Client(std::string const & address,
-                     std::string const & ca,
-                     std::string const & cert,
-                     std::string const & privkey,
+etcd::Client::Client(std::string const& address, std::string const& ca,
+                     std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
                      std::string const& target_name_override,
-                     grpc::ChannelArguments const & arguments)
-{
+                     grpc::ChannelArguments const& arguments) {
   this->own_client = true;
-  this->client = new SyncClient(address, ca, cert, privkey, target_name_override, arguments);
+  this->client = new SyncClient(address, ca, cert, privkey,
+                                target_name_override, arguments);
 }
 
 etcd::Client* etcd::Client::WithSSL(std::string const& etcd_url,
@@ -163,7 +131,8 @@ etcd::Client *etcd::Client::WithSSL(std::string const & etcd_url,
                                     std::string const& privkey,
                                     std::string const& target_name_override,
                                     std::string const& load_balancer) {
-  return new etcd::Client(etcd_url, ca, cert, privkey, target_name_override, load_balancer);
+  return new etcd::Client(etcd_url, ca, cert, privkey, target_name_override,
+                          load_balancer);
 }
 
 etcd::Client* etcd::Client::WithSSL(std::string const& etcd_url,
@@ -172,7 +141,8 @@ etcd::Client *etcd::Client::WithSSL(std::string const & etcd_url,
                                     std::string const& cert,
                                     std::string const& privkey,
                                     std::string const& target_name_override) {
-  return new etcd::Client(etcd_url, ca, cert, privkey, target_name_override, arguments);
+  return new etcd::Client(etcd_url, ca, cert, privkey, target_name_override,
+                          arguments);
 }
 
 etcd::Client::~Client() {
@@ -181,7 +151,6 @@ etcd::Client::~Client() {
   }
 }
 
-
 namespace etcd {
 namespace detail {
 
@@ -190,37 +159,46 @@ namespace detail {
 // Inspired by: https://stackoverflow.com/a/20669290/5080177
 
 template <typename A, typename F>
-class capture_impl
-{
+class capture_impl {
   mutable A a;
   mutable F f;
-public:
-    capture_impl(A && a, F && f)
-        : a{std::forward<A>(a)}, f{std::forward<F>(f)}
-    {}
 
-    template <typename ...Ts> auto operator()( Ts&&...args )
-        -> decltype(std::forward<F>(f)(std::forward<A>(a), std::forward<Ts>(args)... ))
-    {
+ public:
+  capture_impl(A&& a, F&& f) : a{std::forward<A>(a)}, f{std::forward<F>(f)} {}
+
+  template <typename... Ts>
+  auto operator()(Ts&&... args)
+      -> decltype(std::forward<F>(f)(std::forward<A>(a),
+                                     std::forward<Ts>(args)...)) {
     return std::forward<F>(f)(std::forward<A>(a), std::forward<Ts>(args)...);
   }
 
-    template <typename ...Ts> auto operator()( Ts&&...args ) const
-        -> decltype(std::forward<F>(f)(std::forward<A>(a), std::forward<Ts>(args)... ))
-    {
+  template <typename... Ts>
+  auto operator()(Ts&&... args) const
+      -> decltype(std::forward<F>(f)(std::forward<A>(a),
+                                     std::forward<Ts>(args)...)) {
     return std::forward<F>(f)(std::forward<A>(a), std::forward<Ts>(args)...);
   }
 };
 
 template <typename A, typename F>
-static capture_impl<A, F> capture(A && a, F && f)
-{
+static capture_impl<A, F> capture(A&& a, F&& f) {
   return capture_impl<A, F>(std::forward<A>(a), std::forward<F>(f));
 }
 
 template <typename F, typename Params, typename... Ts>
-static auto asyncify(F && fn, Params && params, Ts... args) -> pplx::task<decltype(capture(std::forward<Params>(params), std::bind(std::forward<F>(fn), std::placeholders::_1, std::forward<Ts>(args)...))())> {
-  return pplx::task<decltype(capture(std::forward<Params>(params), std::bind(std::forward<F>(fn), std::placeholders::_1, std::forward<Ts>(args)...))())>(capture(std::forward<Params>(params), std::bind(std::forward<F>(fn), std::placeholders::_1, std::forward<Ts>(args)...)));
+static auto asyncify(F&& fn, Params&& params, Ts... args)
+    -> pplx::task<decltype(capture(std::forward<Params>(params),
+                                   std::bind(std::forward<F>(fn),
+                                             std::placeholders::_1,
+                                             std::forward<Ts>(args)...))())> {
+  return pplx::task<decltype(
+      capture(std::forward<Params>(params),
+              std::bind(std::forward<F>(fn), std::placeholders::_1,
+                        std::forward<Ts>(args)...))())>(
+      capture(std::forward<Params>(params),
+              std::bind(std::forward<F>(fn), std::placeholders::_1,
+                        std::forward<Ts>(args)...)));
 }
 
 }  // namespace detail
@@ -230,369 +208,323 @@ using responser_t = etcd::Response (*)(std::shared_ptr<T>);
 
 }  // namespace etcd
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::head()
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::head() {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<etcd::responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncHeadAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->head_internal());
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::get(std::string const & key)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::get(std::string const& key) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-    static_cast<etcd::responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(Response::create),
+      static_cast<etcd::responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(
+          Response::create),
       this->client->get_internal(key));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::get(std::string const & key, int64_t revision)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::get(std::string const& key,
+                                             int64_t revision) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-    static_cast<etcd::responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(Response::create),
+      static_cast<etcd::responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(
+          Response::create),
       this->client->get_internal(key, revision));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::set(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int ttl)
-{
-  if (ttl > 0) {
-    return this->leasegrant(ttl).then([this, key, value](pplx::task<etcd::Response> const &task) {
-      auto resp = task.get();
-      if (resp.error_code() == 0) {
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::set(std::string const& key,
+                                             std::string const& value,
+                                             const int64_t leaseid) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-          static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncSetAction>>(Response::create),
-          this->client->set_internal(key, value, resp.value().lease()));
-      } else {
-        return pplx::task_from_result(resp);
-      }
-    });
-  } else {
-    return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncSetAction>>(Response::create),
-      this->client->set_internal(key, value, 0));
-  }
+      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncPutAction>>(Response::create),
+      this->client->put_internal(key, value, leaseid));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::set(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t leaseid)
-{
-  return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncSetAction>>(Response::create),
-      this->client->set_internal(key, value, leaseid));
-}
-
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::add(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int ttl)
-{
-  if (ttl > 0) {
-    return this->leasegrant(ttl).then([this, key, value](pplx::task<etcd::Response> const &task) {
-      auto resp = task.get();
-      if (resp.error_code() == 0) {
-        return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-          static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncSetAction>>(Response::create),
-          this->client->add_internal(key, value, resp.value().lease()));
-      } else {
-        return pplx::task_from_result(resp);
-      }
-    });
-  } else {
-    return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncSetAction>>(Response::create),
-      this->client->add_internal(key, value, 0));
-  }
-}
-
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::add(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t leaseid)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::add(std::string const& key,
+                                             std::string const& value,
+                                             const int64_t leaseid) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncSetAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->add_internal(key, value, leaseid));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::put(std::string const & key, std::string const & value) {
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::put(std::string const& key,
+                                             std::string const& value) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncPutAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->put_internal(key, value));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::modify(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int ttl)
-{
-  if (ttl > 0) {
-    return this->leasegrant(ttl).then([this, key, value](pplx::task<etcd::Response> const &task) {
-      auto resp = task.get();
-      if (resp.error_code() == 0) {
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::put(std::string const& key,
+                                             std::string const& value,
+                                             const int64_t leaseId) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-          static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncUpdateAction>>(Response::create),
-          this->client->modify_internal(key, value, resp.value().lease()));
-      } else {
-        return pplx::task_from_result(resp);
-      }
-    });
-  } else {
-    return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncUpdateAction>>(Response::create),
-      this->client->modify_internal(key, value, 0));
-  }
+      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncPutAction>>(Response::create),
+      this->client->put_internal(key, value, leaseId));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::modify(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t leaseid)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::modify(std::string const& key,
+                                                std::string const& value,
+                                                const int64_t leaseid) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncUpdateAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->modify_internal(key, value, leaseid));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::modify_if(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, std::string const & old_value, int ttl)
-{
-  if (ttl > 0) {
-    return this->leasegrant(ttl).then([this, key, value, old_value](pplx::task<etcd::Response> const &task) {
-      auto resp = task.get();
-      if (resp.error_code() == 0) {
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::modify_if(std::string const& key,
+                                                   std::string const& value,
+                                                   std::string const& old_value,
+                                                   const int64_t leaseid) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-          static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndSwapAction>>(Response::create),
-          this->client->modify_if_internal(key, value, 0, old_value, resp.value().lease(), etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_VALUE));
-      } else {
-        return pplx::task_from_result(resp);
-      }
-    });
-  } else {
-    return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndSwapAction>>(Response::create),
-      this->client->modify_if_internal(key, value, 0, old_value, 0, etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_VALUE));
-  }
+      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndSwapAction>>(
+          Response::create),
+      this->client->modify_if_internal(key, value, 0, old_value,
+                                       etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_VALUE,
+                                       leaseid));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::modify_if(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, std::string const & old_value, int64_t leaseid)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::modify_if(std::string const& key,
+                                                   std::string const& value,
+                                                   int64_t old_index,
+                                                   const int64_t leaseid) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndSwapAction>>(Response::create),
-      this->client->modify_if_internal(key, value, 0, old_value, leaseid, etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_VALUE));
+      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndSwapAction>>(
+          Response::create),
+      this->client->modify_if_internal(key, value, old_index, "",
+                                       etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_INDEX,
+                                       leaseid));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::modify_if(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t old_index, int ttl)
-{
-  if (ttl > 0) {
-    return this->leasegrant(ttl).then([this, key, value, old_index](pplx::task<etcd::Response> const &task) {
-      auto resp = task.get();
-      if (resp.error_code() == 0) {
-        return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-          static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndSwapAction>>(Response::create),
-          this->client->modify_if_internal(key, value, old_index, "", resp.value().lease(), etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_INDEX));
-      } else {
-        return pplx::task_from_result(resp);
-      }
-    });
-  } else {
-    return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndSwapAction>>(Response::create),
-      this->client->modify_if_internal(key, value, old_index, "", 0, etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_INDEX));
-  }
-}
-
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::modify_if(std::string const & key, std::string const & value, int64_t old_index, int64_t leaseid)
-{
-  return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndSwapAction>>(Response::create),
-      this->client->modify_if_internal(key, value, old_index, "", leaseid, etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_INDEX));
-}
-
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::rm(std::string const & key)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::rm(std::string const& key) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncDeleteAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->rm_internal(key));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::rm_if(std::string const & key, std::string const & old_value)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::rm_if(std::string const& key,
+                                               std::string const& old_value) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction>>(Response::create),
-      this->client->rm_if_internal(key, 0, old_value, etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_VALUE));
+      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction>>(
+          Response::create),
+      this->client->rm_if_internal(key, 0, old_value,
+                                   etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_VALUE));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::rm_if(std::string const & key, int64_t old_index)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::rm_if(std::string const& key,
+                                               int64_t old_index) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction>>(Response::create),
-      this->client->rm_if_internal(key, old_index, "", etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_INDEX));
+      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction>>(
+          Response::create),
+      this->client->rm_if_internal(key, old_index, "",
+                                   etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_INDEX));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::rmdir(std::string const & key, bool recursive)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::rmdir(std::string const& key,
+                                               bool recursive) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncDeleteAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->rmdir_internal(key, recursive));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::rmdir(std::string const & key, const char *range_end)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::rmdir(std::string const& key,
+                                               const char* range_end) {
   return this->rmdir(key, std::string(range_end));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::rmdir(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::rmdir(std::string const& key,
+                                               std::string const& range_end) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncDeleteAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->rmdir_internal(key, range_end));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::ls(std::string const & key)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::ls(std::string const& key) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->ls_internal(key, 0));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::ls(std::string const & key, size_t const limit)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::ls(std::string const& key,
+                                            size_t const limit) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->ls_internal(key, limit));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::ls(std::string const & key, size_t const limit, int64_t revision)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::ls(std::string const& key,
+                                            size_t const limit,
+                                            int64_t revision) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->ls_internal(key, limit, false, revision));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::ls(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::ls(std::string const& key,
+                                            std::string const& range_end) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->ls_internal(key, range_end, 0));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::ls(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, size_t const limit)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::ls(std::string const& key,
+                                            std::string const& range_end,
+                                            size_t const limit) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->ls_internal(key, range_end, limit));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::ls(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, size_t const limit, int64_t revision)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::ls(std::string const& key,
+                                            std::string const& range_end,
+                                            size_t const limit,
+                                            int64_t revision) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->ls_internal(key, range_end, limit, false, revision));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::keys(std::string const & key)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::keys(std::string const& key) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->ls_internal(key, 0, true));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::keys(std::string const & key, size_t const limit)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::keys(std::string const& key,
+                                              size_t const limit) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->ls_internal(key, limit, true));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::keys(std::string const & key, size_t const limit, int64_t revision)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::keys(std::string const& key,
+                                              size_t const limit,
+                                              int64_t revision) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->ls_internal(key, limit, true, revision));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::keys(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::keys(std::string const& key,
+                                              std::string const& range_end) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->ls_internal(key, range_end, 0, true));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::keys(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, size_t const limit)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::keys(std::string const& key,
+                                              std::string const& range_end,
+                                              size_t const limit) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->ls_internal(key, range_end, limit, true));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::keys(std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, size_t const limit, int64_t revision)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::keys(std::string const& key,
+                                              std::string const& range_end,
+                                              size_t const limit,
+                                              int64_t revision) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->ls_internal(key, range_end, limit, true, revision));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::watch(std::string const & key, bool recursive)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::watch(std::string const& key,
+                                               bool recursive) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->watch_internal(key, 0, recursive));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::watch(std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex, bool recursive)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::watch(std::string const& key,
+                                               int64_t fromIndex,
+                                               bool recursive) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->watch_internal(key, fromIndex, recursive));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::watch(std::string const & key, const char *range_end)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::watch(std::string const& key,
+                                               const char* range_end) {
   return this->watch(key, std::string(range_end));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::watch(std::string const & key, std::string const & range_end)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::watch(std::string const& key,
+                                               std::string const& range_end) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->watch_internal(key, range_end, 0));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::watch(std::string const & key, std::string const & range_end, int64_t fromIndex)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::watch(std::string const& key,
+                                               std::string const& range_end,
+                                               int64_t fromIndex) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->watch_internal(key, range_end, fromIndex));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::leasegrant(int ttl)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::leasegrant(int ttl) {
   // See Note [lease with TTL and issue the actual request]
-  return pplx::task<etcd::Response>([this, ttl]() {
-    return this->client->leasegrant(ttl);
-  });
+  return pplx::task<etcd::Response>(
+      [this, ttl]() { return this->client->leasegrant(ttl); });
 }
 
-pplx::task<std::shared_ptr<etcd::KeepAlive>> etcd::Client::leasekeepalive(int ttl) {
+pplx::task<std::shared_ptr<etcd::KeepAlive>> etcd::Client::leasekeepalive(
+    int ttl) {
   // See Note [lease with TTL and issue the actual request]
-  return pplx::task<std::shared_ptr<etcd::KeepAlive>>([this, ttl]() {
-    return this->client->leasekeepalive(ttl);
-  });
+  return pplx::task<std::shared_ptr<etcd::KeepAlive>>(
+      [this, ttl]() { return this->client->leasekeepalive(ttl); });
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::leaserevoke(int64_t lease_id)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::leaserevoke(int64_t lease_id) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncLeaseRevokeAction>>(Response::create),
+      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncLeaseRevokeAction>>(
+          Response::create),
       this->client->leaserevoke_internal(lease_id));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::leasetimetolive(int64_t lease_id)
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::leasetimetolive(int64_t lease_id) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveAction>>(Response::create),
+      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveAction>>(
+          Response::create),
       this->client->leasetimetolive_internal(lease_id));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::leases()
-{
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::leases() {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
-      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncLeaseLeasesAction>>(Response::create),
+      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncLeaseLeasesAction>>(
+          Response::create),
       this->client->leases_internal());
 }
 
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::add_member(
+    std::string const& peer_urls, bool is_learner) {
+  return etcd::detail::asyncify(
+      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncAddMemberAction>>(Response::create),
+      this->client->add_member_internal(peer_urls, is_learner));
+}
+
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::list_member() {
+  return etcd::detail::asyncify(
+      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncListMemberAction>>(Response::create),
+      this->client->list_member_internal());
+}
+
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::remove_member(
+    const uint64_t member_id) {
+  return etcd::detail::asyncify(
+      static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncRemoveMemberAction>>(
+          Response::create),
+      this->client->remove_member_internal(member_id));
+}
+
 pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::lock(std::string const& key) {
-  static const int DEFAULT_LEASE_TTL_FOR_LOCK = 10;  // see also etcd::SyncClient::lock
+  static const int DEFAULT_LEASE_TTL_FOR_LOCK =
+      10;  // see also etcd::SyncClient::lock
   return this->lock(key, DEFAULT_LEASE_TTL_FOR_LOCK);
 }
 
 pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::lock(std::string const& key,
                                               const bool sync) {
-  static const int DEFAULT_LEASE_TTL_FOR_LOCK = 10;  // see also etcd::SyncClient::lock
+  static const int DEFAULT_LEASE_TTL_FOR_LOCK =
+      10;  // see also etcd::SyncClient::lock
   return this->lock(key, DEFAULT_LEASE_TTL_FOR_LOCK, sync);
 }
 
@@ -602,16 +534,14 @@ pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::lock(std::string const &key,
   // See also SyncClient::lock
   //
   // We don't separate the keepalive step and lock step to avoid leaving many
-  // busy-waiting keepalive tasks when waiting for the locks due to the contention
-  // of async threadpool.
-  return pplx::task<etcd::Response>([this, key, lease_ttl]() {
-    return this->client->lock(key, lease_ttl);
-  });
+  // busy-waiting keepalive tasks when waiting for the locks due to the
+  // contention of async threadpool.
+  return pplx::task<etcd::Response>(
+      [this, key, lease_ttl]() { return this->client->lock(key, lease_ttl); });
 }
 
 pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::lock(std::string const& key,
-                                              int lease_ttl,
-                                              const bool sync) {
+                                              int lease_ttl, const bool sync) {
   if (sync) {
     pplx::task_completion_event<etcd::Response> event;
     event.set(this->client->lock(key, lease_ttl));
@@ -652,16 +582,19 @@ pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::txn(etcdv3::Transaction const &txn) {
       this->client->txn_internal(txn));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::campaign(
-    std::string const &name, int64_t lease_id, std::string const &value) {
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::campaign(std::string const& name,
+                                                  int64_t lease_id,
+                                                  std::string const& value) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncCampaignAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->campaign_internal(name, lease_id, value));
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::proclaim(
-    std::string const &name, int64_t lease_id,
-    std::string const &key, int64_t revision, std::string const &value) {
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::proclaim(std::string const& name,
+                                                  int64_t lease_id,
+                                                  std::string const& key,
+                                                  int64_t revision,
+                                                  std::string const& value) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncProclaimAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->proclaim_internal(name, lease_id, key, revision, value));
@@ -673,12 +606,15 @@ pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::leader(std::string const &name) {
       this->client->leader_internal(name));
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<etcd::Client::Observer> etcd::Client::observe(std::string const &name) {
+std::unique_ptr<etcd::Client::Observer> etcd::Client::observe(
+    std::string const& name) {
   return this->client->observe(name);
 }
 
-pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::resign(
-    std::string const &name, int64_t lease_id, std::string const &key, int64_t revision) {
+pplx::task<etcd::Response> etcd::Client::resign(std::string const& name,
+                                                int64_t lease_id,
+                                                std::string const& key,
+                                                int64_t revision) {
   return etcd::detail::asyncify(
       static_cast<responser_t<etcdv3::AsyncResignAction>>(Response::create),
       this->client->resign_internal(name, lease_id, key, revision));
@@ -692,72 +628,61 @@ std::shared_ptr<grpc::Channel> etcd::Client::grpc_channel() const {
   return this->client->grpc_channel();
 }
 
-etcd::SyncClient* etcd::Client::sync_client() const {
-  return this->client;
-}
+etcd::SyncClient* etcd::Client::sync_client() const { return this->client; }
 
 // watchers from the async client
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-                       bool recursive):
-    Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, callback, wait_callback, recursive) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive)
+    : Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, callback, wait_callback, recursive) {}
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key,
                        std::string const& range_end,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback):
-    Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, range_end, callback, wait_callback) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback)
+    : Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, range_end, callback, wait_callback) {}
 
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(Client const &client, std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex,
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key,
+                       int64_t fromIndex,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-                       bool recursive):
-    Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, fromIndex, callback, wait_callback, recursive) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive)
+    : Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, fromIndex, callback, wait_callback,
+              recursive) {}
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key,
                        std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback):
-    Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, range_end, fromIndex, callback, wait_callback) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback)
+    : Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, range_end, fromIndex, callback,
+              wait_callback) {}
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       bool recursive):
-    Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, callback, recursive) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive)
+    : Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, callback, recursive) {}
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key,
                        std::string const& range_end,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback):
-    Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, range_end, callback) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback)
+    : Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, range_end, callback) {}
 
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(Client const &client, std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       bool recursive):
-    Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, fromIndex, callback, recursive) {
-}
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key,
+                       int64_t fromIndex,
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive)
+    : Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, fromIndex, callback, recursive) {}
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(Client const& client, std::string const& key,
                        std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback):
-    Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, range_end, fromIndex, callback) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback)
+    : Watcher(*client.sync_client(), key, range_end, fromIndex, callback) {}
 
 // keepalive from then async client
 
-etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(Client const &client, int ttl, int64_t lease_id):
-    KeepAlive(*client.sync_client(), ttl, lease_id) {
-}
+etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(Client const& client, int ttl, int64_t lease_id)
+    : KeepAlive(*client.sync_client(), ttl, lease_id) {}
 
-etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(Client const &client,
-                           std::function<void (std::exception_ptr)> const &handler,
-                           int ttl, int64_t lease_id):
-    KeepAlive(*client.sync_client(), handler, ttl, lease_id) {
-}
+etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(
+    Client const& client,
+    std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> const& handler, int ttl,
+    int64_t lease_id)
+    : KeepAlive(*client.sync_client(), handler, ttl, lease_id) {}

src/KeepAlive.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 #include <chrono>
+#include <iostream>
 #include <ratio>
 
 #include "etcd/KeepAlive.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncLeaseAction.hpp"
+#include "etcd/v3/AsyncGRPC.hpp"
 
 #include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
 #include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
@@ -16,15 +17,22 @@ struct etcd::KeepAlive::EtcdServerStubs {
   std::unique_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction> call;
 };
 
-void etcd::KeepAlive::EtcdServerStubsDeleter::operator()(etcd::KeepAlive::EtcdServerStubs *stubs) {
+void etcd::KeepAlive::EtcdServerStubsDeleter::operator()(
+    etcd::KeepAlive::EtcdServerStubs* stubs) {
   if (stubs) {
     delete stubs;
   }
 }
 
-etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(SyncClient const &client, int ttl, int64_t lease_id):
-    ttl(ttl), lease_id(lease_id), continue_next(true),
+etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(SyncClient const& client, int ttl, int64_t lease_id)
+    : ttl(ttl),
+      lease_id(lease_id),
+      continue_next(true),
       grpc_timeout(client.get_grpc_timeout()) {
+  if (ttl > 0 && lease_id == 0) {
+    this->lease_id =
+        const_cast<SyncClient&>(client).leasegrant(ttl).value().lease();
+  }
   stubs.reset(new EtcdServerStubs{});
   stubs->leaseServiceStub = Lease::NewStub(client.grpc_channel());
 
@@ -37,43 +45,56 @@ etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(SyncClient const &client, int ttl, int64_t lease_id):
   continue_next.store(true);
 
   stubs->call.reset(new etcdv3::AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction(std::move(params)));
-  task_ = std::thread([this]() {
+  refresh_task_ = std::thread([this]() {
+#ifndef _ETCD_NO_EXCEPTIONS
     try {
       // start refresh
       this->refresh();
-      context.run();
-    } catch (...) {
+    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
+      // propagate the exception
       eptr_ = std::current_exception();
     }
-    context.stop();  // clean up
+#else
+    const std::string err = this->refresh();
+    if (!err.empty()) {
+      eptr_ = std::make_exception_ptr(std::runtime_error(err));
+    }
+#endif
   });
 }
 
-etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(std::string const & address, int ttl, int64_t lease_id):
-    KeepAlive(SyncClient(address), ttl, lease_id) {
-}
+etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(std::string const& address, int ttl,
+                           int64_t lease_id)
+    : KeepAlive(SyncClient(address), ttl, lease_id) {}
 
 etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(std::string const& address,
-                           std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-                           int ttl, int64_t lease_id, int const auth_token_ttl):
-    KeepAlive(SyncClient(address, username, password, auth_token_ttl), ttl, lease_id) {
-}
+                           std::string const& username,
+                           std::string const& password, int ttl,
+                           int64_t lease_id, int const auth_token_ttl)
+    : KeepAlive(SyncClient(address, username, password, auth_token_ttl), ttl,
+                lease_id) {}
 
-etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(std::string const & address,
-              std::string const & ca,
-              std::string const & cert,
+etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(
+    std::string const& address, std::string const& ca, std::string const& cert,
     std::string const& privkey,
-              std::function<void (std::exception_ptr)> const &handler,
-              int ttl, int64_t lease_id,
-              std::string const & target_name_override):
-    KeepAlive(SyncClient(address, ca, cert, privkey, target_name_override), ttl, lease_id) {
-}
+    std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> const& handler, int ttl,
+    int64_t lease_id, std::string const& target_name_override)
+    : KeepAlive(SyncClient(address, ca, cert, privkey, target_name_override),
+                handler, ttl, lease_id) {}
 
-etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(SyncClient const &client,
-                           std::function<void (std::exception_ptr)> const &handler,
-                           int ttl, int64_t lease_id):
-    handler_(handler), ttl(ttl), lease_id(lease_id), continue_next(true),
+etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(
+    SyncClient const& client,
+    std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> const& handler, int ttl,
+    int64_t lease_id)
+    : handler_(handler),
+      ttl(ttl),
+      lease_id(lease_id),
+      continue_next(true),
       grpc_timeout(client.get_grpc_timeout()) {
+  if (ttl > 0 && lease_id == 0) {
+    this->lease_id =
+        const_cast<SyncClient&>(client).leasegrant(ttl).value().lease();
+  }
   stubs.reset(new EtcdServerStubs{});
   stubs->leaseServiceStub = Lease::NewStub(client.grpc_channel());
 
@@ -84,56 +105,57 @@ etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(SyncClient const &client,
   params.lease_stub = stubs->leaseServiceStub.get();
 
   stubs->call.reset(new etcdv3::AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction(std::move(params)));
-  task_ = std::thread([this]() {
+  refresh_task_ = std::thread([this]() {
+#ifndef _ETCD_NO_EXCEPTIONS
     try {
       // start refresh
       this->refresh();
-      context.run();
     } catch (...) {
-      // run canceller first
-      this->Cancel();
-      // propogate the exception
+      // propagate the exception
       eptr_ = std::current_exception();
-      if (handler_) {
-        handler_(eptr_);
     }
+#else
+    const std::string err = this->refresh();
+    if (!err.empty()) {
+      eptr_ = std::make_exception_ptr(std::runtime_error(err));
+    }
+#endif
+    if (eptr_ && handler_) {
+      handler_(eptr_);
     }
   });
 }
 
-etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(std::string const & address,
-                           std::function<void (std::exception_ptr)> const &handler,
-                           int ttl, int64_t lease_id):
-    KeepAlive(SyncClient(address), handler, ttl, lease_id) {
-}
+etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(
+    std::string const& address,
+    std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> const& handler, int ttl,
+    int64_t lease_id)
+    : KeepAlive(SyncClient(address), handler, ttl, lease_id) {}
 
-etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(std::string const & address,
-                           std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-                           std::function<void (std::exception_ptr)> const &handler,
-                           int ttl, int64_t lease_id, const int auth_token_ttl):
-    KeepAlive(SyncClient(address, username, password, auth_token_ttl), handler, ttl, lease_id) {
-}
+etcd::KeepAlive::KeepAlive(
+    std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+    std::string const& password,
+    std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> const& handler, int ttl,
+    int64_t lease_id, const int auth_token_ttl)
+    : KeepAlive(SyncClient(address, username, password, auth_token_ttl),
+                handler, ttl, lease_id) {}
 
-etcd::KeepAlive::~KeepAlive()
-{
-  this->Cancel();
-  // clean up
-  if (task_.joinable()) {
-    task_.join();
-  }
-}
+etcd::KeepAlive::~KeepAlive() { this->Cancel(); }
 
-void etcd::KeepAlive::Cancel()
-{
-  std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> scope_lock(mutex_for_refresh_);
+void etcd::KeepAlive::Cancel() {
   if (!continue_next.exchange(false)) {
     return;
   }
+
+  // stop the thread
+  cv_for_refresh_.notify_all();
+  refresh_task_.join();
+
+  // send a cancel request
+  {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_for_refresh_);
     stubs->call->CancelKeepAlive();
-  if (keepalive_timer_) {
-    keepalive_timer_->cancel();
   }
-  context.stop();
 }
 
 void etcd::KeepAlive::Check() {
@@ -141,61 +163,96 @@ void etcd::KeepAlive::Check() {
     std::rethrow_exception(eptr_);
   }
   // issue an refresh to make sure it still alive
+#ifndef _ETCD_NO_EXCEPTIONS
   try {
     this->refresh_once();
   } catch (...) {
     // run canceller first
     this->Cancel();
 
-    // propogate the exception, as we throw in `Check()`, the `handler` won't be touched
+    // propagate the exception, as we throw in `Check()`, the `handler` won't be
+    // touched
     eptr_ = std::current_exception();
-    if (handler_) {
+  }
+#else
+  const std::string err = this->refresh_once();
+  if (!err.empty()) {
+    // run canceller first
+    this->Cancel();
+
+    // propagate the exception, as we throw in `Check()`, the `handler` won't be
+    // touched
+    eptr_ = std::make_exception_ptr(std::runtime_error(err));
+  }
+#endif
+  if (eptr_ && handler_) {
     handler_(eptr_);
   }
 
+#ifndef _ETCD_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  if (eptr_) {
     // rethrow in `Check()` to keep the consistent semantics
     std::rethrow_exception(eptr_);
   }
+#endif
+  return;
 }
 
-void etcd::KeepAlive::refresh()
-{
-  std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> scope_lock(mutex_for_refresh_);
+std::string etcd::KeepAlive::refresh() {
+  while (true) {
     if (!continue_next.load()) {
-    return;
+      return std::string{};
     }
     // minimal resolution: 1 second
     int keepalive_ttl = std::max(ttl - 1, 1);
-  keepalive_timer_.reset(new boost::asio::steady_timer(context, std::chrono::seconds(keepalive_ttl)));
-  keepalive_timer_->async_wait([this](const boost::system::error_code& error) {
-    if (error) {
+    {
+      std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_for_refresh_);
+      if (cv_for_refresh_.wait_for(lock, std::chrono::seconds(keepalive_ttl)) ==
+          std::cv_status::no_timeout) {
+        if (!continue_next.load()) {
+          return std::string{};
+        }
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-      std::cerr << "keepalive timer cancelled: " << error << ", " << error.message() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr
+            << "[warn] awaked from condition_variable but continue_next is "
+               "not set, maybe due to clock drift."
+            << std::endl;
 #endif
-    } else {
-      if (this->continue_next.load()) {
-        // execute refresh
-        this->refresh_once();
-        // trigger the next round;
-        this->refresh();
       }
     }
-  });
-}
 
-void etcd::KeepAlive::refresh_once()
-{
-  std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> scope_lock(mutex_for_refresh_);
+    // execute refresh
+    const std::string err = this->refresh_once();
+    if (!err.empty()) {
+      return err;
+    }
+  }
+  return std::string{};
+}
+
+std::string etcd::KeepAlive::refresh_once() {
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> scope_lock(mutex_for_refresh_);
   if (!continue_next.load()) {
-    return;
+    return std::string{};
   }
   this->stubs->call->mutable_parameters().grpc_timeout = this->grpc_timeout;
   auto resp = this->stubs->call->Refresh();
   if (!resp.is_ok()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("Failed to refresh lease: error code: " + std::to_string(resp.error_code()) +
-                              ", message: " + resp.error_message());
+    const std::string err = "Failed to refresh lease: error code: " +
+                            std::to_string(resp.error_code()) +
+                            ", message: " + resp.error_message();
+#ifndef _ETCD_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw std::runtime_error(err);
+#endif
+    return err;
   }
   if (resp.value().ttl() == 0) {
-    throw std::out_of_range("Failed to refresh lease due to expiration: the new TTL is 0.");
+    const std::string err =
+        "Failed to refresh lease due to expiration: the new TTL is 0.";
+#ifndef _ETCD_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw std::out_of_range(err);
+#endif
+    return err;
   }
+  return std::string{};
 }

src/Response.cpp

@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <iostream>
 
-etcd::Response::Response()
-  : _error_code(0),
-    _index(0)
-{
-}
+etcd::Response::Response() : _error_code(0), _index(0) {}
 
 etcd::Response::Response(const etcd::Response& response) {
   this->_error_code = response._error_code;
@@ -29,30 +25,29 @@ etcd::Response::Response(const etcd::Response & response) {
   this->_raft_term = response._raft_term;
 
   this->_leases = response._leases;
+  this->_members = response._members;
 }
 
-etcd::Response::Response(const etcdv3::V3Response& reply, std::chrono::microseconds const& duration)
-{
+etcd::Response::Response(const etcdv3::V3Response& reply,
+                         std::chrono::microseconds const& duration) {
   _index = reply.get_index();
   _action = reply.get_action();
   _error_code = reply.get_error_code();
   _error_message = reply.get_error_message();
-  if(reply.has_values())
-  {
+  if (reply.has_values()) {
     auto val = reply.get_values();
-    for(unsigned int index = 0; index < val.size(); index++)
-    {
+    for (unsigned int index = 0; index < val.size(); index++) {
       _values.push_back(Value(val[index]));
       _keys.push_back(val[index].kvs.key());
     }
-  }
-  else
-  {
+    _value = Value(reply.get_values()[0]);
+  } else {
     _value = Value(reply.get_value());
   }
   _prev_value = Value(reply.get_prev_value());
 
   _compact_revision = reply.get_compact_revision();
+  _watch_id = reply.get_watch_id();
   _lock_key = reply.get_lock_key();
   _name = reply.get_name();
 
@@ -70,99 +65,57 @@ etcd::Response::Response(const etcdv3::V3Response& reply, std::chrono::microseco
 
   // lease list
   this->_leases = reply.get_leases();
+  // member list
+  this->_members = reply.get_members();
 }
 
 etcd::Response::Response(int error_code, std::string const& error_message)
-  : _error_code(error_code),
-    _error_message(error_message),
-    _index(0)
-{
-}
+    : _error_code(error_code), _error_message(error_message), _index(0) {}
 
 etcd::Response::Response(int error_code, char const* error_message)
-  : _error_code(error_code),
-    _error_message(error_message),
-    _index(0)
-{
-}
+    : _error_code(error_code), _error_message(error_message), _index(0) {}
 
-int etcd::Response::error_code() const
-{
-  return _error_code;
-}
+int etcd::Response::error_code() const { return _error_code; }
 
-std::string const & etcd::Response::error_message() const
-{
+std::string const& etcd::Response::error_message() const {
   return _error_message;
 }
 
-bool etcd::Response::is_ok() const
-{
-  return error_code() == 0;
-}
+bool etcd::Response::is_ok() const { return error_code() == 0; }
 
-bool etcd::Response::is_network_unavailable() const
-{
+bool etcd::Response::is_network_unavailable() const {
   return error_code() == ::grpc::StatusCode::UNAVAILABLE;
 }
 
-bool etcd::Response::is_grpc_timeout() const
-{
+bool etcd::Response::is_grpc_timeout() const {
   return _error_code == grpc::StatusCode::DEADLINE_EXCEEDED;
 }
 
-std::string const & etcd::Response::action() const
-{
-  return _action;
-}
+std::string const& etcd::Response::action() const { return _action; }
 
-int64_t etcd::Response::index() const
-{
-  return _index;
-}
+int64_t etcd::Response::index() const { return _index; }
 
-etcd::Value const & etcd::Response::value() const
-{
-  return _value;
-}
+etcd::Value const& etcd::Response::value() const { return _value; }
 
-etcd::Value const & etcd::Response::prev_value() const
-{
-  return _prev_value;
-}
+etcd::Value const& etcd::Response::prev_value() const { return _prev_value; }
 
-etcd::Values const & etcd::Response::values() const
-{
-  return _values;
-}
+etcd::Values const& etcd::Response::values() const { return _values; }
 
-etcd::Value const & etcd::Response::value(int index) const
-{
+etcd::Value const& etcd::Response::value(int index) const {
   return _values[index];
 }
 
-etcd::Keys const & etcd::Response::keys() const
-{
-  return _keys;
-}
+etcd::Keys const& etcd::Response::keys() const { return _keys; }
 
-std::string const & etcd::Response::key(int index) const
-{
-  return _keys[index];
-}
+std::string const& etcd::Response::key(int index) const { return _keys[index]; }
 
-int64_t etcd::Response::compact_revision() const
-{
-  return _compact_revision;
-}
+int64_t etcd::Response::compact_revision() const { return _compact_revision; }
 
-std::string const & etcd::Response::lock_key() const {
-  return _lock_key;
-}
+int64_t etcd::Response::watch_id() const { return _watch_id; }
 
-std::string const & etcd::Response::name() const {
-  return _name;
-}
+std::string const& etcd::Response::lock_key() const { return _lock_key; }
+
+std::string const& etcd::Response::name() const { return _name; }
 
 std::vector<etcd::Event> const& etcd::Response::events() const {
   return this->_events;
@@ -172,18 +125,16 @@ std::chrono::microseconds const& etcd::Response::duration() const {
   return this->_duration;
 }
 
-uint64_t etcd::Response::cluster_id() const {
-  return this->_cluster_id;
-}
+uint64_t etcd::Response::cluster_id() const { return this->_cluster_id; }
 
-uint64_t etcd::Response::member_id() const {
-  return this->_member_id;
-}
+uint64_t etcd::Response::member_id() const { return this->_member_id; }
 
-uint64_t etcd::Response::raft_term() const {
-  return this->_raft_term;
-}
+uint64_t etcd::Response::raft_term() const { return this->_raft_term; }
 
 std::vector<int64_t> const& etcd::Response::leases() const {
   return this->_leases;
 }
+
+std::vector<etcdv3::Member> const& etcd::Response::members() const {
+  return this->_members;
+}

src/Value.cpp

@@ -1,21 +1,13 @@
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <iomanip>
 
 #include "etcd/Value.hpp"
 #include "etcd/v3/KeyValue.hpp"
 
 etcd::Value::Value()
-  : dir(false),
-    created(0),
-    modified(0),
-    _version(0),
-    _ttl(0),
-    leaseId(0)
-{
-}
+    : dir(false), created(0), modified(0), _version(0), _ttl(0), leaseId(0) {}
 
-
-etcd::Value::Value(etcdv3::KeyValue const & kv)
-{
+etcd::Value::Value(etcdv3::KeyValue const& kv) {
   dir = false;
   _key = kv.kvs.key();
   value = kv.kvs.value();
@@ -26,8 +18,7 @@ etcd::Value::Value(etcdv3::KeyValue const & kv)
   _ttl = kv.get_ttl();
 }
 
-etcd::Value::Value(mvccpb::KeyValue const & kv)
-{
+etcd::Value::Value(mvccpb::KeyValue const& kv) {
   dir = false;
   _key = kv.key();
   value = kv.value();
@@ -38,44 +29,33 @@ etcd::Value::Value(mvccpb::KeyValue const & kv)
   _ttl = -1;
 }
 
-std::string const & etcd::Value::key() const
-{
-  return _key;
-}
+std::string const& etcd::Value::key() const { return _key; }
 
-bool etcd::Value::is_dir() const
-{
-  return dir;
-}
+bool etcd::Value::is_dir() const { return dir; }
 
-std::string const & etcd::Value::as_string() const
-{
-  return value;
-}
+std::string const& etcd::Value::as_string() const { return value; }
 
-int64_t etcd::Value::created_index() const
-{
-  return created;
-}
+int64_t etcd::Value::created_index() const { return created; }
 
-int64_t etcd::Value::modified_index() const
-{
-  return modified;
-}
+int64_t etcd::Value::modified_index() const { return modified; }
 
-int64_t etcd::Value::version() const
-{
-  return _version;
-}
+int64_t etcd::Value::version() const { return _version; }
 
-int etcd::Value::ttl() const
-{
-  return _ttl;
-}
+int etcd::Value::ttl() const { return _ttl; }
 
-int64_t etcd::Value::lease() const
-{
-  return leaseId;
+int64_t etcd::Value::lease() const { return leaseId; }
+
+std::ostream& etcd::operator<<(std::ostream& os, const etcd::Value& value) {
+  os << "Event: {";
+  os << "Key: " << value.key() << ", ";
+  os << "Value: " << value.as_string() << ", ";
+  os << "Created: " << value.created_index() << ", ";
+  os << "Modified: " << value.modified_index() << ", ";
+  os << "Version: " << value.version() << ", ";
+  os << "TTL: " << value.ttl() << ", ";
+  os << "Lease: " << value.lease() << ", ";
+  os << "}";
+  return os;
 }
 
 etcd::Event::Event(mvccpb::Event const& event) {
@@ -100,18 +80,37 @@ enum etcd::Event::EventType etcd::Event::event_type() const {
   return event_type_;
 }
 
-bool etcd::Event::has_kv() const {
-  return _has_kv;
+bool etcd::Event::has_kv() const { return _has_kv; }
+
+bool etcd::Event::has_prev_kv() const { return _has_prev_kv; }
+
+const etcd::Value& etcd::Event::kv() const { return _kv; }
+
+const etcd::Value& etcd::Event::prev_kv() const { return _prev_kv; }
+
+std::ostream& etcd::operator<<(std::ostream& os,
+                               const etcd::Event::EventType& value) {
+  switch (value) {
+  case etcd::Event::EventType::PUT:
+    os << "PUT";
+    break;
+  case etcd::Event::EventType::DELETE_:
+    os << "DELETE";
+    break;
+  case etcd::Event::EventType::INVALID:
+    os << "INVALID";
+    break;
+  }
+  return os;
 }
 
-bool etcd::Event::has_prev_kv() const {
-  return _has_prev_kv;
+std::ostream& etcd::operator<<(std::ostream& os, const etcd::Event& event) {
+  os << "Event type: " << event.event_type();
+  if (event.has_kv()) {
+    os << ", KV: " << event.kv();
   }
-
-const etcd::Value &etcd::Event::kv() const {
-  return _kv;
+  if (event.has_prev_kv()) {
+    os << ", Prev KV: " << event.prev_kv();
   }
-
-const etcd::Value &etcd::Event::prev_kv() const {
-  return _prev_kv;
+  return os;
 }

src/Watcher.cpp

@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@
 
 #include "etcd/SyncClient.hpp"
 
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncWatchAction.hpp"
+#include "etcd/v3/AsyncGRPC.hpp"
 
 struct etcd::Watcher::EtcdServerStubs {
   std::unique_ptr<Watch::Stub> watchServiceStub;
   std::unique_ptr<etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction> call;
 };
 
-void etcd::Watcher::EtcdServerStubsDeleter::operator()(etcd::Watcher::EtcdServerStubs *stubs) {
+void etcd::Watcher::EtcdServerStubsDeleter::operator()(
+    etcd::Watcher::EtcdServerStubs* stubs) {
   if (stubs) {
     if (stubs->watchServiceStub) {
       stubs->watchServiceStub.reset();
@@ -23,23 +24,20 @@ void etcd::Watcher::EtcdServerStubsDeleter::operator()(etcd::Watcher::EtcdServer
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(SyncClient const& client, std::string const& key,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-                       bool recursive):
-    Watcher(client, key, -1, callback, wait_callback, recursive) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive)
+    : Watcher(client, key, -1, callback, wait_callback, recursive) {}
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(SyncClient const& client, std::string const& key,
                        std::string const& range_end,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback):
-    Watcher(client, key, range_end, -1, callback, wait_callback) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback)
+    : Watcher(client, key, range_end, -1, callback, wait_callback) {}
 
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(SyncClient const &client, std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex,
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(SyncClient const& client, std::string const& key,
+                       int64_t fromIndex,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-                       bool recursive):
-    wait_callback(wait_callback), fromIndex(fromIndex), recursive(recursive) {
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive)
+    : wait_callback(wait_callback), fromIndex(fromIndex), recursive(recursive) {
   stubs.reset(new EtcdServerStubs{});
   stubs->watchServiceStub = Watch::NewStub(client.channel);
   doWatch(key, "", client.current_auth_token(), callback);
@@ -48,8 +46,8 @@ etcd::Watcher::Watcher(SyncClient const &client, std::string const & key, int64_
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(SyncClient const& client, std::string const& key,
                        std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback):
-    wait_callback(wait_callback), fromIndex(fromIndex), recursive(false) {
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback)
+    : wait_callback(wait_callback), fromIndex(fromIndex), recursive(false) {
   stubs.reset(new EtcdServerStubs{});
   stubs->watchServiceStub = Watch::NewStub(client.channel);
   doWatch(key, range_end, client.current_auth_token(), callback);
@@ -57,203 +55,172 @@ etcd::Watcher::Watcher(SyncClient const &client, std::string const & key,
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-                       bool recursive):
-    Watcher(address, key, -1, callback, wait_callback, recursive) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive)
+    : Watcher(address, key, -1, callback, wait_callback, recursive) {}
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key,
                        std::string const& range_end,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback):
-    Watcher(address, key, range_end, -1, callback, wait_callback) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback)
+    : Watcher(address, key, range_end, -1, callback, wait_callback) {}
 
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const & address, std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex,
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key,
+                       int64_t fromIndex,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-                       bool recursive):
-    Watcher(SyncClient(address), key, fromIndex, callback, wait_callback, recursive) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive)
+    : Watcher(SyncClient(address), key, fromIndex, callback, wait_callback,
+              recursive) {}
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key,
                        std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback):
-    Watcher(SyncClient(address), key, range_end, fromIndex, callback, wait_callback) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback)
+    : Watcher(SyncClient(address), key, range_end, fromIndex, callback,
+              wait_callback) {}
 
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const & address,
-                       std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-                       std::string const & key,
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+                       std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive,
+                       int const auth_token_ttl)
+    : Watcher(address, username, password, key, -1, callback, wait_callback,
+              recursive, auth_token_ttl) {}
+
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+                       std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+                       std::string const& range_end,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
                        std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-                       bool recursive,
-                       int const auth_token_ttl):
-    Watcher(address, username, password, key, -1, callback, wait_callback, recursive, auth_token_ttl) {
-}
+                       int const auth_token_ttl)
+    : Watcher(address, username, password, key, range_end, -1, callback,
+              wait_callback, auth_token_ttl) {}
 
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const & address,
-                       std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+                       std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+                       int64_t fromIndex,
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive,
+                       int const auth_token_ttl)
+    : Watcher(SyncClient(address, username, password, auth_token_ttl), key,
+              fromIndex, callback, wait_callback, recursive) {}
+
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+                       std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+                       std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
+                       int const auth_token_ttl)
+    : Watcher(SyncClient(address, username, password, auth_token_ttl), key,
+              range_end, fromIndex, callback, wait_callback) {}
+
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& ca,
+                       std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
+                       std::string const& key, int64_t fromIndex,
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
+                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback, bool recursive,
+                       std::string const& target_name_override)
+    : Watcher(SyncClient(address, ca, cert, privkey, target_name_override), key,
+              fromIndex, callback, wait_callback, recursive) {}
+
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& ca,
+                       std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
                        std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end,
+                       int64_t fromIndex,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
                        std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-                       int const auth_token_ttl):
-    Watcher(address, username, password, key, range_end, -1, callback, wait_callback, auth_token_ttl) {
-}
-
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const & address,
-                       std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-                       std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-                       bool recursive,
-                       int const auth_token_ttl):
-    Watcher(SyncClient(address, username, password, auth_token_ttl), key, fromIndex, callback, wait_callback, recursive) {
-}
-
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const & address,
-                       std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-                       std::string const & key, std::string const & range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-                       int const auth_token_ttl):
-    Watcher(SyncClient(address, username, password, auth_token_ttl), key, range_end, fromIndex, callback, wait_callback) {
-}
-
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const & address,
-                       std::string const & ca,
-                       std::string const & cert,
-                       std::string const & privkey,
-                       std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-                       bool recursive,
-                       std::string const & target_name_override):
-    Watcher(SyncClient(address, ca, cert, privkey, target_name_override), key, fromIndex, callback, wait_callback, recursive) {
-}
-
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const & address,
-                       std::string const & ca,
-                       std::string const & cert,
-                       std::string const & privkey,
-                       std::string const & key, std::string const & range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback,
-                       std::string const & target_name_override):
-    Watcher(SyncClient(address, ca, cert, privkey, target_name_override), key, range_end, fromIndex, callback, wait_callback) {
-}
+                       std::string const& target_name_override)
+    : Watcher(SyncClient(address, ca, cert, privkey, target_name_override), key,
+              range_end, fromIndex, callback, wait_callback) {}
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(SyncClient const& client, std::string const& key,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       bool recursive):
-    Watcher(client, key, callback, nullptr, recursive) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive)
+    : Watcher(client, key, callback, nullptr, recursive) {}
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(SyncClient const& client, std::string const& key,
                        std::string const& range_end,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback):
-    Watcher(client, key, range_end, callback, nullptr) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback)
+    : Watcher(client, key, range_end, callback, nullptr) {}
 
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(SyncClient const &client, std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       bool recursive):
-    Watcher(client, key, fromIndex, callback, nullptr, recursive) {
-}
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(SyncClient const& client, std::string const& key,
+                       int64_t fromIndex,
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive)
+    : Watcher(client, key, fromIndex, callback, nullptr, recursive) {}
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(SyncClient const& client, std::string const& key,
                        std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback):
-    Watcher(client, key, range_end, fromIndex, callback, nullptr) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback)
+    : Watcher(client, key, range_end, fromIndex, callback, nullptr) {}
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       bool recursive):
-    Watcher(address, key, callback, nullptr, recursive) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive)
+    : Watcher(address, key, callback, nullptr, recursive) {}
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key,
                        std::string const& range_end,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback):
-    Watcher(address, key, range_end, callback, nullptr) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback)
+    : Watcher(address, key, range_end, callback, nullptr) {}
 
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const & address, std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       bool recursive):
-    Watcher(address, key, fromIndex, callback, nullptr, recursive) {
-}
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key,
+                       int64_t fromIndex,
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive)
+    : Watcher(address, key, fromIndex, callback, nullptr, recursive) {}
 
 etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& key,
                        std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback):
-    Watcher(address, key, range_end, fromIndex, callback, nullptr) {
-}
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback)
+    : Watcher(address, key, range_end, fromIndex, callback, nullptr) {}
 
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const & address,
-                       std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-                       std::string const & key,
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+                       std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive,
+                       int const auth_token_ttl)
+    : Watcher(address, username, password, key, callback, nullptr, recursive,
+              auth_token_ttl) {}
+
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+                       std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+                       std::string const& range_end,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       bool recursive,
-                       int const auth_token_ttl):
-    Watcher(address, username, password, key, callback, nullptr, recursive, auth_token_ttl) {
-}
+                       int const auth_token_ttl)
+    : Watcher(address, username, password, key, range_end, callback, nullptr,
+              auth_token_ttl) {}
 
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const & address,
-                       std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+                       std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+                       int64_t fromIndex,
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive,
+                       int const auth_token_ttl)
+    : Watcher(address, username, password, key, fromIndex, callback, nullptr,
+              recursive, auth_token_ttl) {}
+
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& username,
+                       std::string const& password, std::string const& key,
+                       std::string const& range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
+                       int const auth_token_ttl)
+    : Watcher(address, username, password, key, range_end, fromIndex, callback,
+              nullptr, auth_token_ttl) {}
+
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& ca,
+                       std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
+                       std::string const& key, int64_t fromIndex,
+                       std::function<void(Response)> callback, bool recursive,
+                       std::string const& target_name_override)
+    : Watcher(address, ca, cert, privkey, key, fromIndex, callback, nullptr,
+              recursive, target_name_override) {}
+
+etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const& address, std::string const& ca,
+                       std::string const& cert, std::string const& privkey,
                        std::string const& key, std::string const& range_end,
+                       int64_t fromIndex,
                        std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       int const auth_token_ttl):
-    Watcher(address, username, password, key, range_end, callback, nullptr, auth_token_ttl) {
-}
+                       std::string const& target_name_override)
+    : Watcher(address, ca, cert, privkey, key, range_end, fromIndex, callback,
+              nullptr, target_name_override) {}
 
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const & address,
-                       std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-                       std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       bool recursive,
-                       int const auth_token_ttl):
-    Watcher(address, username, password, key, fromIndex, callback, nullptr, recursive, auth_token_ttl) {
-}
+etcd::Watcher::~Watcher() { this->Cancel(); }
 
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const & address,
-                       std::string const & username, std::string const & password,
-                       std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       int const auth_token_ttl):
-    Watcher(address, username, password, key, range_end, fromIndex, callback, nullptr, auth_token_ttl) {
-}
-
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const & address,
-                       std::string const & ca,
-                       std::string const & cert,
-                       std::string const & privkey,
-                       std::string const & key, int64_t fromIndex,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       bool recursive,
-                       std::string const & target_name_override):
-    Watcher(address, ca, cert, privkey, key, fromIndex, callback, nullptr, recursive, target_name_override) {
-}
-
-etcd::Watcher::Watcher(std::string const & address,
-                       std::string const & ca,
-                       std::string const & cert,
-                       std::string const & privkey,
-                       std::string const & key, std::string const &range_end, int64_t fromIndex,
-                       std::function<void(Response)> callback,
-                       std::string const & target_name_override):
-    Watcher(address, ca, cert, privkey, key, range_end, fromIndex, callback, nullptr, target_name_override) {
-}
-
-etcd::Watcher::~Watcher()
-{
-  this->Cancel();
-}
-
-bool etcd::Watcher::Wait()
-{
+bool etcd::Watcher::Wait() {
   if (!cancelled.exchange(true)) {
     if (task_.joinable()) {
       task_.join();
@@ -262,31 +229,34 @@ bool etcd::Watcher::Wait()
   return stubs->call->Cancelled();
 }
 
-void etcd::Watcher::Wait(std::function<void(bool)> callback)
-{
+bool etcd::Watcher::Wait(std::function<void(bool)> callback) {
   if (wait_callback == nullptr) {
     wait_callback = callback;
+    return true;
   } else {
-    std::cerr << "Failed to set a asynchronous wait callback since it has already been set" << std::endl;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    std::cerr
+        << "[warn] failed to set a asynchronous wait callback since it has "
+           "already been set"
+        << std::endl;
+#endif
+    return false;
   }
 }
 
-bool etcd::Watcher::Cancel()
-{
+bool etcd::Watcher::Cancel() {
   stubs->call->CancelWatch();
   return this->Wait();
 }
 
-bool etcd::Watcher::Cancelled() const
-{
+bool etcd::Watcher::Cancelled() const {
   return cancelled.load() || stubs->call->Cancelled();
 }
 
 void etcd::Watcher::doWatch(std::string const& key,
                             std::string const& range_end,
                             std::string const& auth_token,
-                            std::function<void(Response)> callback)
-{
+                            std::function<void(Response)> callback) {
   etcdv3::ActionParameters params;
   params.auth_token.assign(auth_token);
   // n.b.: watch: no need for timeout
@@ -304,13 +274,12 @@ void etcd::Watcher::doWatch(std::string const & key,
     stubs->call->waitForResponse(callback);
     if (wait_callback != nullptr) {
       // issue the callback in another thread (detached) to avoid deadlock,
-      // it is ok to detach a pplx::task, but we don't want to use the pplx::task
-      // in the core library
+      // it is ok to detach a pplx::task, but we don't want to use the
+      // pplx::task in the core library
       bool cancelled = stubs->call->Cancelled();
       std::function<void(bool)> wait_callback = this->wait_callback;
-      std::thread canceller([wait_callback, cancelled]() {
-        wait_callback(cancelled);
-      });
+      std::thread canceller(
+          [wait_callback, cancelled]() { wait_callback(cancelled); });
       canceller.detach();
     }
   });

src/v3/Action.cpp

@@ -1,16 +1,23 @@
+#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
 #include <grpc/support/log.h>
 #include <grpcpp/support/status.h>
 #include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
+#include <cstdlib>
 
-etcdv3::Action::Action(etcdv3::ActionParameters const &params)
-{
+#ifndef GPR_ASSERT
+#define GPR_ASSERT(x)                                             \
+  if (!(x)) {                                                     \
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d assert failed\n", __FILE__, __LINE__); \
+    abort();                                                      \
+}
+#endif
+
+etcdv3::Action::Action(etcdv3::ActionParameters const& params) {
   parameters = params;
   this->InitAction();
 }
 
-etcdv3::Action::Action(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-{
+etcdv3::Action::Action(etcdv3::ActionParameters&& params) {
   parameters = std::move(params);
   this->InitAction();
 }
@@ -32,8 +39,7 @@ void etcdv3::Action::InitAction() {
   start_timepoint = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
 }
 
-etcdv3::ActionParameters::ActionParameters()
-{
+etcdv3::ActionParameters::ActionParameters() {
   withPrefix = false;
   revision = 0;
   old_revision = 0;
@@ -50,7 +56,8 @@ bool etcdv3::ActionParameters::has_grpc_timeout() const {
   return this->grpc_timeout != std::chrono::microseconds::zero();
 }
 
-std::chrono::system_clock::time_point etcdv3::ActionParameters::grpc_deadline() const {
+std::chrono::system_clock::time_point etcdv3::ActionParameters::grpc_deadline()
+    const {
   return std::chrono::system_clock::now() + this->grpc_timeout;
 }
 
@@ -73,22 +80,28 @@ void etcdv3::ActionParameters::dump(std::ostream &os) const {
   os << "  grpc_timeout:  " << grpc_timeout.count() << "(ms)" << std::endl;
 }
 
-void etcdv3::Action::waitForResponse() 
-{
+void etcdv3::Action::waitForResponse() {
   void* got_tag;
   bool ok = false;
 
   if (parameters.has_grpc_timeout()) {
     switch (cq_.AsyncNext(&got_tag, &ok, parameters.grpc_deadline())) {
     case CompletionQueue::NextStatus::TIMEOUT: {
-        status = grpc::Status(grpc::StatusCode::DEADLINE_EXCEEDED, "gRPC timeout");
+      status =
+          grpc::Status(grpc::StatusCode::DEADLINE_EXCEEDED, "gRPC timeout");
       break;
     }
     case CompletionQueue::NextStatus::SHUTDOWN: {
-        status = grpc::Status(grpc::StatusCode::UNAVAILABLE, "gRPC already shutdown");
+      status =
+          grpc::Status(grpc::StatusCode::UNAVAILABLE, "gRPC already shutdown");
       break;
     }
     case CompletionQueue::NextStatus::GOT_EVENT: {
+      if (!ok) {
+        status =
+            grpc::Status(grpc::StatusCode::ABORTED,
+                         "Failed to execute the action: not ok or invalid tag");
+      }
       break;
     }
     }
@@ -98,7 +111,8 @@ void etcdv3::Action::waitForResponse()
   }
 }
 
-const std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::time_point etcdv3::Action::startTimepoint() {
+const std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::time_point
+etcdv3::Action::startTimepoint() {
   return this->start_timepoint;
 }
 
@@ -114,7 +128,8 @@ std::string etcdv3::detail::string_plus_one(std::string const &value) {
   return {etcdv3::NUL};
 }
 
-std::string etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints(std::string const&default_endpoints) {
+std::string etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints(
+    std::string const& default_endpoints) {
   const char* ep = std::getenv("ETCD_ENDPOINTS");
   return ep ? ep : default_endpoints;
 }

src/v3/AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction.cpp

@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction.hpp"
-
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/Transaction.hpp"
-
-using etcdserverpb::RangeRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::PutRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::RequestOp;
-using etcdserverpb::ResponseOp;
-using etcdserverpb::TxnRequest;
-
-etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction::AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params, etcdv3::AtomicityType type)
-  :etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  etcdv3::Transaction transaction(parameters.key);
-  if(type == etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_VALUE)
-  {
-    transaction.init_compare(parameters.old_value,
-                             CompareResult::EQUAL,
-                             CompareTarget::VALUE);
-  }
-  else if (type == etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_INDEX)
-  {
-    transaction.init_compare(parameters.old_revision,
-                             CompareResult::EQUAL,
-                             CompareTarget::MOD);
-  }
-
-  transaction.setup_compare_and_delete_operation(parameters.key);
-  transaction.setup_basic_failure_operation(parameters.key);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.kv_stub->AsyncTxn(&context, *transaction.txn_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncTxnResponse etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndDeleteAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncTxnResponse txn_resp;
-  txn_resp.set_action(etcdv3::COMPAREDELETE_ACTION);
-
-  if(!status.ok())
-  {
-    txn_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    txn_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else
-  { 
-    txn_resp.ParseResponse(parameters.key, parameters.withPrefix, reply);
-
-    if(!reply.succeeded())
-    {
-      txn_resp.set_error_code(ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED);
-      txn_resp.set_error_message("etcd-cpp-apiv3: compare failed");
-    } 
-  }
-    
-  return txn_resp;
-}

src/v3/AsyncCompareAndSwapAction.cpp

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncCompareAndSwapAction.hpp"
-
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/Transaction.hpp"
-
-using etcdserverpb::RangeRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::PutRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::RequestOp;
-using etcdserverpb::ResponseOp;
-using etcdserverpb::TxnRequest;
-
-etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndSwapAction::AsyncCompareAndSwapAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params, etcdv3::AtomicityType type)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))  
-{
-  etcdv3::Transaction transaction(parameters.key);
-  if(type == etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_VALUE)
-  {
-    transaction.init_compare(parameters.old_value,
-                             CompareResult::EQUAL,
-                             CompareTarget::VALUE);
-  }
-  else if (type == etcdv3::AtomicityType::PREV_INDEX)
-  {
-    transaction.init_compare(parameters.old_revision,
-                             CompareResult::EQUAL,
-                             CompareTarget::MOD);
-  }
-
-  transaction.setup_basic_failure_operation(parameters.key);
-  transaction.setup_compare_and_swap_sequence(parameters.value, parameters.lease_id);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.kv_stub->AsyncTxn(&context, *transaction.txn_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncTxnResponse etcdv3::AsyncCompareAndSwapAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncTxnResponse txn_resp;
-  txn_resp.set_action(etcdv3::COMPARESWAP_ACTION);
-
-  if(!status.ok())
-  {
-    txn_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    txn_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else
-  { 
-    txn_resp.ParseResponse(parameters.key, parameters.withPrefix, reply);
-
-    //if there is an error code returned by parseResponse, we must 
-    //not overwrite it.
-    if(!reply.succeeded() && !txn_resp.get_error_code())
-    {
-      txn_resp.set_error_code(ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED);
-      txn_resp.set_error_message("etcd-cpp-apiv3: compare failed");
-    } 
-  }
-    
-  return txn_resp;
-}

src/v3/AsyncDeleteAction.cpp

@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncDeleteAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-using etcdserverpb::DeleteRangeRequest;
-
-etcdv3::AsyncDeleteAction::AsyncDeleteAction(
-    ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  DeleteRangeRequest del_request;
-  if (!parameters.withPrefix) {
-    del_request.set_key(parameters.key);
-  } else {
-    if (parameters.key.empty()) {
-      // see: WithFromKey in etcdv3/client
-      del_request.set_key(etcdv3::NUL);
-      del_request.set_range_end(etcdv3::NUL);
-    } else {
-      del_request.set_key(parameters.key);
-      del_request.set_range_end(detail::string_plus_one(parameters.key));
-    }
-  }
-  if(!parameters.range_end.empty()) {
-    del_request.set_range_end(parameters.range_end);
-  }
-
-  del_request.set_prev_kv(true);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.kv_stub->AsyncDeleteRange(&context, del_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncDeleteResponse etcdv3::AsyncDeleteAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncDeleteResponse del_resp;
-  del_resp.set_action(etcdv3::DELETE_ACTION);
-
-  if(!status.ok())
-  {
-    del_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    del_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    del_resp.ParseResponse(parameters.key, parameters.withPrefix || !parameters.range_end.empty(), reply);
-  }
-
-  return del_resp;
-}

src/v3/AsyncDeleteResponse.cpp

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncDeleteResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncDeleteResponse::ParseResponse(std::string const& key, bool prefix, DeleteRangeResponse& resp)
-{
-  index = resp.header().revision();
-
-  if(resp.prev_kvs_size() == 0)
-  {
-    error_code = etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND;
-    error_message = "etcd-cpp-apiv3: key not found";
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    //get all previous values
-    for(int cnt=0; cnt < resp.prev_kvs_size(); cnt++)
-    {
-      etcdv3::KeyValue kv;
-      kv.kvs.CopyFrom(resp.prev_kvs(cnt));
-      values.push_back(kv);
-    }
-
-    if(!prefix)
-    {
-      prev_value = values[0];
-      value = values[0];
-      value.kvs.clear_value();
-      values.clear();
-    }
-  }
-}

src/v3/AsyncElectionAction.cpp

@@ -1,214 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncElectionAction.hpp"
-#include <grpcpp/support/status.h>
-
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-
-using v3electionpb::LeaderKey;
-using v3electionpb::CampaignRequest;
-using v3electionpb::CampaignResponse;
-using v3electionpb::ProclaimRequest;
-using v3electionpb::ProclaimResponse;
-using v3electionpb::LeaderRequest;
-using v3electionpb::LeaderResponse;
-using v3electionpb::ResignRequest;
-using v3electionpb::ResignResponse;
-
-etcdv3::AsyncCampaignAction::AsyncCampaignAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  CampaignRequest campaign_request;
-  campaign_request.set_name(parameters.name);
-  campaign_request.set_lease(parameters.lease_id);
-  campaign_request.set_value(parameters.value);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.election_stub->AsyncCampaign(&context, campaign_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void *)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncCampaignResponse etcdv3::AsyncCampaignAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncCampaignResponse campaign_resp;
-  campaign_resp.set_action(etcdv3::CAMPAIGN_ACTION);
-
-  if(!status.ok()) {
-    campaign_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    campaign_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else {
-    campaign_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-  return campaign_resp;
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncProclaimAction::AsyncProclaimAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  auto leader = new LeaderKey();
-  leader->set_name(parameters.name);
-  leader->set_key(parameters.key);
-  leader->set_rev(parameters.revision);
-  leader->set_lease(parameters.lease_id);
-
-  ProclaimRequest proclaim_request;
-  proclaim_request.set_allocated_leader(leader);
-  proclaim_request.set_value(parameters.value);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.election_stub->AsyncProclaim(&context, proclaim_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void *)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncProclaimResponse etcdv3::AsyncProclaimAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncProclaimResponse proclaim_resp;
-  proclaim_resp.set_action(etcdv3::PROCLAIM_ACTION);
-  
-  if(!status.ok()) {
-    proclaim_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    proclaim_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else { 
-    proclaim_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-  return proclaim_resp;
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncLeaderAction::AsyncLeaderAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  LeaderRequest leader_request;
-  leader_request.set_name(parameters.name);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.election_stub->AsyncLeader(&context, leader_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void *)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncLeaderResponse etcdv3::AsyncLeaderAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncLeaderResponse leader_resp;
-  leader_resp.set_action(etcdv3::LEADER_ACTION);
-  
-  if(!status.ok()) {
-    leader_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    leader_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else { 
-    leader_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-  return leader_resp;
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncObserveAction::AsyncObserveAction(etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  LeaderRequest leader_request;
-  leader_request.set_name(parameters.name);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.election_stub->AsyncObserve(&context, leader_request, &cq_, (void *)etcdv3::ELECTION_OBSERVE_CREATE);
-
-  void *got_tag;
-  bool ok = false;
-  if (cq_.Next(&got_tag, &ok) && ok && got_tag == (void *)etcdv3::ELECTION_OBSERVE_CREATE) {
-    // n.b.: leave the issue of `Read` to the `waitForResponse`
-  } else {
-    throw std::runtime_error("failed to create a observe connection");
-  }
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncObserveAction::waitForResponse()
-{
-  void* got_tag;
-  bool ok = false;
-
-  if (isCancelled.load()) {
-    status = grpc::Status::CANCELLED;
-  }
-  if (!status.ok()) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  response_reader->Read(&reply, (void *)this);
-  if (cq_.Next(&got_tag, &ok) && ok && got_tag == (void*)this) {
-    auto response = ParseResponse();
-    if (response.get_error_code() == 0) {
-      // issue the next read
-      response_reader->Read(&reply, (void *)this);
-    } else {
-      this->CancelObserve();
-    }
-  } else {
-    this->CancelObserve();
-    status = grpc::Status::CANCELLED;
-  }
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncObserveAction::CancelObserve()
-{
-  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> scope_lock(this->protect_is_cancalled);
-  if (!isCancelled.exchange(true)) {
-    void* got_tag;
-    bool ok = false;
-    response_reader->Finish(&status, (void *)this);
-    if (cq_.Next(&got_tag, &ok) && ok && got_tag == (void *)this) {
-      // ok
-    } else {
-      std::cerr << "Failed to finish a election observing connection" << std::endl;
-    }
-
-    cq_.Shutdown();
-  }
-}
-
-bool etcdv3::AsyncObserveAction::Cancelled() const {
-  return isCancelled.load();
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncObserveResponse etcdv3::AsyncObserveAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncObserveResponse leader_resp;
-  leader_resp.set_action(etcdv3::OBSERVE_ACTION);
-
-  if(!status.ok()) {
-    leader_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    leader_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else { 
-    leader_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-  return leader_resp;
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncResignAction::AsyncResignAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  auto leader = new LeaderKey();
-  leader->set_name(parameters.name);
-  leader->set_key(parameters.key);
-  leader->set_rev(parameters.revision);
-  leader->set_lease(parameters.lease_id);
-
-  ResignRequest resign_request;
-  resign_request.set_allocated_leader(leader);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.election_stub->AsyncResign(&context, resign_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void *)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncResignResponse etcdv3::AsyncResignAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncResignResponse resign_resp;
-  resign_resp.set_action(etcdv3::RESIGN_ACTION);
-  
-  if(!status.ok()) {
-    resign_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    resign_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else { 
-    resign_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-  return resign_resp;
-}

src/v3/AsyncElectionResponse.cpp

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncElectionResponse.hpp"
-
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-using etcdserverpb::ResponseOp;
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncCampaignResponse::ParseResponse(CampaignResponse& reply) {
-  index = reply.header().revision();
-
-  auto const &leader = reply.leader();
-  name = leader.name();
-  value.kvs.set_key(leader.key());
-  value.kvs.set_create_revision(leader.rev());
-  value.kvs.set_lease(leader.lease());
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncProclaimResponse::ParseResponse(ProclaimResponse& reply) {
-  index = reply.header().revision();
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncLeaderResponse::ParseResponse(LeaderResponse& reply) {
-  index = reply.header().revision();
-
-  value.kvs = reply.kv();
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncObserveResponse::ParseResponse(LeaderResponse& reply) {
-  index = reply.header().revision();
-
-  value.kvs = reply.kv();
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncResignResponse::ParseResponse(ResignResponse& reply) {
-  index = reply.header().revision();
-}

src/v3/AsyncHeadAction.cpp

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncHeadAction.hpp"
-
-#include <cstdlib>
-
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-using etcdserverpb::RangeRequest;
-
-etcdv3::AsyncHeadAction::AsyncHeadAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  RangeRequest get_request;
-  get_request.set_key(etcdv3::NUL);
-  get_request.set_limit(1);
-  response_reader = parameters.kv_stub->AsyncRange(&context,get_request,&cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncHeadResponse etcdv3::AsyncHeadAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncHeadResponse head_resp;
-  head_resp.set_action(etcdv3::GET_ACTION);
-
-  if(!status.ok())
-  {
-    head_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    head_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    head_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-  return head_resp;
-}

src/v3/AsyncHeadResponse.cpp

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncHeadResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncHeadResponse::ParseResponse(RangeResponse& resp)
-{
-  cluster_id = resp.header().cluster_id();
-  member_id = resp.header().member_id();
-  index = resp.header().revision();
-  raft_term = resp.header().raft_term();
-}

src/v3/AsyncLeaseAction.cpp

@@ -1,264 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncLeaseAction.hpp"
-
-#include "etcd/Response.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/Transaction.hpp"
-
-#include <grpcpp/support/status.h>
-
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseGrantRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseRevokeRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseCheckpointRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseKeepAliveRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseTimeToLiveRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::LeaseLeasesRequest;
-
-etcdv3::AsyncLeaseGrantAction::AsyncLeaseGrantAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  LeaseGrantRequest leasegrant_request;
-  leasegrant_request.set_ttl(parameters.ttl);
-  // If ID is set to 0, etcd will choose an ID.
-  leasegrant_request.set_id(parameters.lease_id);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.lease_stub->AsyncLeaseGrant(&context, leasegrant_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncLeaseGrantResponse etcdv3::AsyncLeaseGrantAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncLeaseGrantResponse lease_resp;
-  lease_resp.set_action(etcdv3::LEASEGRANT);
-
-  if (!status.ok()) {
-    lease_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    lease_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  } else { 
-    lease_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-  return lease_resp;
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncLeaseRevokeAction::AsyncLeaseRevokeAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  LeaseRevokeRequest leaserevoke_request;
-  leaserevoke_request.set_id(parameters.lease_id);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.lease_stub->AsyncLeaseRevoke(&context, leaserevoke_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncLeaseRevokeResponse etcdv3::AsyncLeaseRevokeAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncLeaseRevokeResponse lease_resp;
-  lease_resp.set_action(etcdv3::LEASEREVOKE);
-
-  if (!status.ok()) {
-    lease_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    lease_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  } else { 
-    lease_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-  return lease_resp;
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction::AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  isCancelled = false;
-  stream = parameters.lease_stub->AsyncLeaseKeepAlive(&context, &cq_, (void*)etcdv3::KEEPALIVE_CREATE);
-
-  void *got_tag = nullptr;
-  bool ok = false;
-  if (cq_.Next(&got_tag, &ok) && ok && got_tag == (void *)etcdv3::KEEPALIVE_CREATE) {
-    // ok
-  } else {
-    throw std::runtime_error("Failed to create a lease keep-alive connection");
-  }
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncLeaseKeepAliveResponse etcdv3::AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncLeaseKeepAliveResponse lease_resp;
-  lease_resp.set_action(etcdv3::LEASEKEEPALIVE);
-
-  if (!status.ok()) {
-    lease_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    lease_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  } else { 
-    lease_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-  return lease_resp;
-}
-
-etcd::Response etcdv3::AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction::Refresh()
-{
-  std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> scope_lock(this->protect_is_cancelled);
-
-  auto start_timepoint = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
-  if (isCancelled) {
-    status = grpc::Status::CANCELLED;
-    return etcd::Response(ParseResponse(), etcd::detail::duration_till_now(start_timepoint));
-  }
-
-  LeaseKeepAliveRequest leasekeepalive_request;
-  leasekeepalive_request.set_id(parameters.lease_id);
-
-  void *got_tag = nullptr;
-  bool ok = false;
-
-  if (parameters.has_grpc_timeout()) {
-    stream->Write(leasekeepalive_request, (void *)etcdv3::KEEPALIVE_WRITE);
-    // wait write finish
-    switch (cq_.AsyncNext(&got_tag, &ok, parameters.grpc_deadline())) {
-      case CompletionQueue::NextStatus::TIMEOUT: {
-        status = grpc::Status(grpc::StatusCode::DEADLINE_EXCEEDED, "gRPC timeout during keep alive write");
-        break;
-      }
-      case CompletionQueue::NextStatus::SHUTDOWN: {
-        status = grpc::Status(grpc::StatusCode::UNAVAILABLE, "gRPC already shutdown during keep alive write");
-        break;
-      }
-      case CompletionQueue::NextStatus::GOT_EVENT: {
-        if (!ok || got_tag != (void *)etcdv3::KEEPALIVE_WRITE) {
-          return etcd::Response(grpc::StatusCode::ABORTED, "Failed to create a lease keep-alive connection: write not ok or invalid tag");
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (!status.ok()) {
-      this->CancelKeepAlive();
-      return etcd::Response(ParseResponse(), etcd::detail::duration_till_now(start_timepoint));
-    }
-
-    stream->Read(&reply, (void*)etcdv3::KEEPALIVE_READ);
-    // wait read finish
-    switch (cq_.AsyncNext(&got_tag, &ok, parameters.grpc_deadline())) {
-      case CompletionQueue::NextStatus::TIMEOUT: {
-        status = grpc::Status(grpc::StatusCode::DEADLINE_EXCEEDED, "gRPC timeout during keep alive read");
-        break;
-      }
-      case CompletionQueue::NextStatus::SHUTDOWN: {
-        status = grpc::Status(grpc::StatusCode::UNAVAILABLE, "gRPC already shutdown during keep alive read");
-        break;
-      }
-      case CompletionQueue::NextStatus::GOT_EVENT: {
-        if (ok && got_tag == (void *)etcdv3::KEEPALIVE_READ) {
-          return etcd::Response(ParseResponse(), etcd::detail::duration_till_now(start_timepoint));
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    this->CancelKeepAlive();
-    return etcd::Response(grpc::StatusCode::ABORTED, "Failed to create a lease keep-alive connection: read not ok or invalid tag");
-  } else {
-    stream->Write(leasekeepalive_request, (void *)etcdv3::KEEPALIVE_WRITE);
-    // wait write finish
-    if (cq_.Next(&got_tag, &ok) && ok && got_tag == (void *)etcdv3::KEEPALIVE_WRITE) {
-      stream->Read(&reply, (void*)etcdv3::KEEPALIVE_READ);
-      // wait read finish
-      if (cq_.Next(&got_tag, &ok) && ok && got_tag == (void *)etcdv3::KEEPALIVE_READ) {
-        return etcd::Response(ParseResponse(), etcd::detail::duration_till_now(start_timepoint));
-      }
-    }
-    this->CancelKeepAlive();
-    return etcd::Response(grpc::StatusCode::ABORTED, "Failed to create a lease keep-alive connection: read not ok or invalid tag");
-  }
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction::CancelKeepAlive()
-{
-  std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> scope_lock(this->protect_is_cancelled);
-  if(isCancelled == false)
-  {
-    isCancelled = true;
-
-    void *got_tag = nullptr;
-    bool ok = false;
-
-    stream->WritesDone((void*)etcdv3::KEEPALIVE_DONE);
-    if (cq_.Next(&got_tag, &ok) && ok && got_tag == (void *)etcdv3::KEEPALIVE_DONE) {
-      // ok
-    } else {
-      std::cerr << "Failed to mark a lease keep-alive connection as DONE: "
-                << context.debug_error_string() << std::endl;
-    }
-
-    stream->Finish(&status, (void *)KEEPALIVE_FINISH);
-    if (cq_.Next(&got_tag, &ok) && ok && got_tag == (void *)KEEPALIVE_FINISH) {
-      // ok
-    } else {
-      std::cerr << "Failed to finish a lease keep-alive connection: "
-                << status.error_message()
-                << ", " << context.debug_error_string() << std::endl;
-    }
-
-    // cancel on-the-fly calls
-    context.TryCancel();
-
-    cq_.Shutdown();
-  }
-}
-
-bool etcdv3::AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction::Cancelled() const
-{
-  return isCancelled;
-}
-
-etcdv3::ActionParameters& etcdv3::AsyncLeaseKeepAliveAction::mutable_parameters() {
-  return this->parameters;
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveAction::AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  LeaseTimeToLiveRequest leasetimetolive_request;
-  leasetimetolive_request.set_id(parameters.lease_id);
-  // FIXME: unsupported parameters: "keys"
-  // leasetimetolive_request.set_keys(parameters.keys);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.lease_stub->AsyncLeaseTimeToLive(&context, leasetimetolive_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveResponse etcdv3::AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveResponse lease_resp;
-  lease_resp.set_action(etcdv3::LEASETIMETOLIVE);
-
-  if (!status.ok()) {
-    lease_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    lease_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  } else { 
-    lease_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-  return lease_resp;
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncLeaseLeasesAction::AsyncLeaseLeasesAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  LeaseLeasesRequest leaseleases_request;
-
-  response_reader = parameters.lease_stub->AsyncLeaseLeases(&context, leaseleases_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncLeaseLeasesResponse etcdv3::AsyncLeaseLeasesAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncLeaseLeasesResponse lease_resp;
-  lease_resp.set_action(etcdv3::LEASELEASES);
-
-  if (!status.ok()) {
-    lease_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    lease_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  } else { 
-    lease_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-  return lease_resp;
-}

src/v3/AsyncLeaseResponse.cpp

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncLeaseResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncLeaseGrantResponse::ParseResponse(LeaseGrantResponse& resp) {
-  index = resp.header().revision();
-  value.kvs.set_lease(resp.id());
-  value.set_ttl(resp.ttl());
-  error_message = resp.error();
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncLeaseRevokeResponse::ParseResponse(LeaseRevokeResponse& resp) {
-  index = resp.header().revision();
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncLeaseKeepAliveResponse::ParseResponse(LeaseKeepAliveResponse& resp) {
-  index = resp.header().revision();
-  value.kvs.set_lease(resp.id());
-  value.set_ttl(resp.ttl());
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncLeaseTimeToLiveResponse::ParseResponse(LeaseTimeToLiveResponse& resp) {
-  index = resp.header().revision();
-  value.kvs.set_lease(resp.id());
-  value.set_ttl(resp.ttl());
-  // FIXME: unsupported: fields "grantedTTL" and "keys"
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncLeaseLeasesResponse::ParseResponse(LeaseLeasesResponse& resp) {
-  index = resp.header().revision();
-  for (auto lease : resp.leases()) {
-    leases.emplace_back(lease.id());
-  }
-}

src/v3/AsyncLockAction.cpp

@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncLockAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-using v3lockpb::LockRequest;
-using v3lockpb::UnlockRequest;
-
-etcdv3::AsyncLockAction::AsyncLockAction(
-    ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params)) 
-{
-  LockRequest lock_request;
-  lock_request.set_name(parameters.key);
-  lock_request.set_lease(parameters.lease_id);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.lock_stub->AsyncLock(&context, lock_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncLockResponse etcdv3::AsyncLockAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncLockResponse lock_resp;
-  lock_resp.set_action(etcdv3::LOCK_ACTION);
-  
-  if(!status.ok())
-  {
-    lock_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    lock_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else
-  { 
-    lock_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-
-  return lock_resp;
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncUnlockAction::AsyncUnlockAction(
-    ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params)) 
-{
-  UnlockRequest unlock_request;
-  unlock_request.set_key(parameters.key);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.lock_stub->AsyncUnlock(&context, unlock_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncUnlockResponse etcdv3::AsyncUnlockAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncUnlockResponse unlock_resp;
-  unlock_resp.set_action(etcdv3::UNLOCK_ACTION);
-
-  if(!status.ok())
-  {
-    unlock_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    unlock_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else
-  { 
-    unlock_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-    
-  return unlock_resp;
-}

src/v3/AsyncLockResponse.cpp

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncLockResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncLockResponse::ParseResponse(LockResponse& resp)
-{
-  index = resp.header().revision();
-  lock_key = resp.key();
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncUnlockResponse::ParseResponse(UnlockResponse& resp)
-{
-  index = resp.header().revision();
-}

src/v3/AsyncPutAction.cpp

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncPutAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-using etcdserverpb::PutRequest;
-
-etcdv3::AsyncPutAction::AsyncPutAction(
-    ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  PutRequest put_request;
-  put_request.set_key(parameters.key);
-  put_request.set_value(parameters.value);
-  put_request.set_lease(parameters.lease_id);
-  put_request.set_prev_kv(true);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.kv_stub->AsyncPut(&context, put_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncPutResponse etcdv3::AsyncPutAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncPutResponse put_resp;
-  put_resp.set_action(etcdv3::PUT_ACTION);
-
-  if(!status.ok())
-  {
-    put_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    put_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    put_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-
-  return   put_resp;
-}

src/v3/AsyncPutResponse.cpp

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncPutResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncPutResponse::ParseResponse(PutResponse& resp)
-{
-  index = resp.header().revision();
-
-  //get all previous values
-  etcdv3::KeyValue kv; 
-  kv.kvs.CopyFrom(resp.prev_kv());
-  prev_value = kv;
-}

src/v3/AsyncRangeAction.cpp

@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncRangeAction.hpp"
-
-#include <cstdlib>
-
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-using etcdserverpb::RangeRequest;
-
-etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction::AsyncRangeAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  RangeRequest get_request;
-  if (!parameters.withPrefix) {
-    get_request.set_key(parameters.key);
-  } else {
-    if (parameters.key.empty()) {
-      // see: WithFromKey in etcdv3/client
-      get_request.set_key(etcdv3::NUL);
-      get_request.set_range_end(etcdv3::NUL);
-    } else {
-      get_request.set_key(parameters.key);
-      get_request.set_range_end(detail::string_plus_one(parameters.key));
-    }
-  }
-  if(!parameters.range_end.empty()) {
-    get_request.set_range_end(parameters.range_end);
-  }
-  if(parameters.revision > 0) {
-    get_request.set_revision(parameters.revision);
-  }
-
-  get_request.set_limit(parameters.limit);
-  get_request.set_sort_order(RangeRequest::SortOrder::RangeRequest_SortOrder_NONE);
-
-  // set keys_only and count_only
-  get_request.set_keys_only(params.keys_only);
-  get_request.set_count_only(params.count_only);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.kv_stub->AsyncRange(&context,get_request,&cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncRangeResponse etcdv3::AsyncRangeAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncRangeResponse range_resp;
-  range_resp.set_action(etcdv3::GET_ACTION);
-
-  if(!status.ok())
-  {
-    range_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    range_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else
-  { 
-    range_resp.ParseResponse(reply, parameters.withPrefix || !parameters.range_end.empty());
-  }
-  return range_resp;
-}

src/v3/AsyncRangeResponse.cpp

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncRangeResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncRangeResponse::ParseResponse(RangeResponse& resp, bool prefix)
-{
-  index = resp.header().revision();
-  if(resp.kvs_size() == 0 && !prefix)
-  {
-    error_code = etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND;
-    error_message = "etcd-cpp-apiv3: key not found";
-    return;
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    for(int index=0; index < resp.kvs_size(); index++)
-    {
-      etcdv3::KeyValue kv;
-      kv.kvs.CopyFrom(resp.kvs(index));
-      values.push_back(kv); 
-    }
-
-    if(!prefix)
-    {
-      value = values[0];
-      values.clear();
-    }
-  }
-}

src/v3/AsyncSetAction.cpp

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncSetAction.hpp"
-
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/Transaction.hpp"
-
-etcdv3::AsyncSetAction::AsyncSetAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params, bool create)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params)) 
-{
-  etcdv3::Transaction transaction(parameters.key);
-  isCreate = create;
-  transaction.init_compare(CompareResult::EQUAL,
-                           CompareTarget::VERSION);
-
-  transaction.setup_basic_create_sequence(parameters.key, parameters.value, parameters.lease_id);
-
-  if(isCreate)
-  {
-    transaction.setup_basic_failure_operation(parameters.key);
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    transaction.setup_set_failure_operation(parameters.key, parameters.value, parameters.lease_id);
-  }
-  response_reader = parameters.kv_stub->AsyncTxn(&context, *transaction.txn_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncTxnResponse etcdv3::AsyncSetAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-
-  AsyncTxnResponse txn_resp;
-  txn_resp.set_action(isCreate? etcdv3::CREATE_ACTION : etcdv3::SET_ACTION);
-  
-  if(!status.ok())
-  {
-    txn_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    txn_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else
-  { 
-    txn_resp.ParseResponse(parameters.key, parameters.withPrefix, reply);
-
-    if(!reply.succeeded() && isCreate)
-    {
-      txn_resp.set_error_code(etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS);
-      txn_resp.set_error_message("etcd-cpp-apiv3: key already exists");
-    } 
-  }
-  return txn_resp;
-}

src/v3/AsyncTxnAction.cpp

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncTxnAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/Transaction.hpp"
-
-
-etcdv3::AsyncTxnAction::AsyncTxnAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params, etcdv3::Transaction const &tx)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  response_reader = parameters.kv_stub->AsyncTxn(&context, *tx.txn_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void *)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncTxnResponse etcdv3::AsyncTxnAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncTxnResponse txn_resp;
-  txn_resp.set_action(etcdv3::TXN_ACTION);
-  
-  if(!status.ok())
-  {
-    txn_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    txn_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else
-  { 
-    txn_resp.ParseResponse(parameters.key, parameters.withPrefix, reply);
-
-    //if there is an error code returned by parseResponse, we must 
-    //not overwrite it.
-    if(!reply.succeeded() && !txn_resp.get_error_code())
-    {
-      txn_resp.set_error_code(ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED);
-      txn_resp.set_error_message("etcd-cpp-apiv3: compare failed");
-    } 
-  }
-    
-  return txn_resp;
-}

src/v3/AsyncTxnResponse.cpp

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncTxnResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncRangeResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncDeleteResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-using etcdserverpb::ResponseOp;
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncTxnResponse::ParseResponse(TxnResponse& reply) {
-  index = reply.header().revision();
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncTxnResponse::ParseResponse(std::string const& key, bool prefix, TxnResponse& reply)
-{
-  index = reply.header().revision();
-  for(int index=0; index < reply.responses_size(); index++)
-  {
-    auto resp = reply.responses(index);
-    if(ResponseOp::ResponseCase::kResponseRange == resp.response_case())
-    {
-      AsyncRangeResponse response;
-      response.ParseResponse(*(resp.mutable_response_range()),prefix);
-     
-      error_code = response.get_error_code();
-      error_message = response.get_error_message();
-      
-      values = response.get_values();
-      value = response.get_value();
-    }
-    else if(ResponseOp::ResponseCase::kResponsePut == resp.response_case())
-    {
-      auto put_resp = resp.response_put();
-      if(put_resp.has_prev_kv())
-      {
-        prev_value.kvs.CopyFrom(put_resp.prev_kv());
-      }
-    }
-    else if(ResponseOp::ResponseCase::kResponseDeleteRange == resp.response_case())
-    {
-      AsyncDeleteResponse response;
-      response.ParseResponse(key,prefix,*(resp.mutable_response_delete_range()));
-
-      prev_value.kvs.CopyFrom(response.get_prev_value().kvs);
-     
-      values = response.get_values();
-      value = response.get_value();
-    }
-  }
-}

src/v3/AsyncUpdateAction.cpp

@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncUpdateAction.hpp"
-
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncRangeResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/Transaction.hpp"
-
-using etcdserverpb::RangeRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::PutRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::RequestOp;
-using etcdserverpb::ResponseOp;
-using etcdserverpb::TxnRequest;
-
-etcdv3::AsyncUpdateAction::AsyncUpdateAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params)) 
-{
-  etcdv3::Transaction transaction(parameters.key);
-  transaction.init_compare(CompareResult::GREATER,
-                           CompareTarget::VERSION);
-
-  transaction.setup_compare_and_swap_sequence(parameters.value, parameters.lease_id);
-
-  response_reader = parameters.kv_stub->AsyncTxn(&context, *transaction.txn_request, &cq_);
-  response_reader->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)this);
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncTxnResponse etcdv3::AsyncUpdateAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncTxnResponse txn_resp;
-  
-  if(!status.ok())
-  {
-    txn_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    txn_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else
-  { 
-    if(reply.succeeded())
-    {
-      txn_resp.ParseResponse(parameters.key, parameters.withPrefix, reply);
-      txn_resp.set_action(etcdv3::UPDATE_ACTION);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-      txn_resp.set_error_code(etcdv3::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND);
-      txn_resp.set_error_message("etcd-cpp-apiv3: key not found");
-    }
-  }
-  return txn_resp;
-}

src/v3/AsyncWatchAction.cpp

@@ -1,209 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncWatchAction.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-
-using etcdserverpb::WatchCreateRequest;
-
-etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction::AsyncWatchAction(
-    etcdv3::ActionParameters && params)
-  : etcdv3::Action(std::move(params))
-{
-  isCancelled.store(false);
-  stream = parameters.watch_stub->AsyncWatch(&context,&cq_,(void*)etcdv3::WATCH_CREATE);
-
-  WatchRequest watch_req;
-  WatchCreateRequest watch_create_req;
-
-  if(!parameters.withPrefix) {
-    watch_create_req.set_key(parameters.key);
-  } else {
-    if (parameters.key.empty()) {
-      watch_create_req.set_key(etcdv3::NUL);
-      watch_create_req.set_range_end(etcdv3::NUL);
-    } else {
-      watch_create_req.set_key(parameters.key);
-      watch_create_req.set_range_end(detail::string_plus_one(parameters.key));
-    }
-  }
-  if(!parameters.range_end.empty()) {
-    watch_create_req.set_range_end(parameters.range_end);
-  }
-
-  watch_create_req.set_prev_kv(true);
-  watch_create_req.set_start_revision(parameters.revision);
-
-  watch_req.mutable_create_request()->CopyFrom(watch_create_req);
-
-  // wait "create" success (the stream becomes ready)
-  void *got_tag;
-  bool ok = false;
-  if (cq_.Next(&got_tag, &ok) && ok && got_tag == (void *)etcdv3::WATCH_CREATE) {
-    stream->Write(watch_req, (void *)etcdv3::WATCH_WRITE);
-  } else {
-    throw std::runtime_error("failed to create a watch connection");
-  }
-
-  // wait "write" (WatchCreateRequest) success, and start to read the first reply
-  if (cq_.Next(&got_tag, &ok) && ok && got_tag == (void *)etcdv3::WATCH_WRITE) {
-    stream->Read(&reply, (void*)this);
-    this->watch_id = reply.watch_id();
-  } else {
-    throw std::runtime_error("failed to write WatchCreateRequest to server");
-  }
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction::waitForResponse()
-{
-  void* got_tag;
-  bool ok = false;
-
-  while(cq_.Next(&got_tag, &ok))
-  {
-    if(ok == false)
-    {
-      break;
-    }
-    if(got_tag == (void *)etcdv3::WATCH_WRITE_CANCEL) {
-      stream->WritesDone((void*)etcdv3::WATCH_WRITES_DONE);
-      continue;
-    }
-    if(got_tag == (void*)etcdv3::WATCH_WRITES_DONE)
-    {
-      stream->Finish(&status, (void *)etcdv3::WATCH_FINISH);
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (got_tag == (void *)etcdv3::WATCH_FINISH) {
-      // shutdown
-      cq_.Shutdown();
-      break;
-    }
-    if(got_tag == (void*)this) // read tag
-    {
-      if (reply.canceled()) {
-        // cancel on-the-fly calls, but don't shutdown the completion queue as there
-        // are still a inflight call to finish
-        context.TryCancel();
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      // we stop watch under two conditions:
-      //
-      // 1. watch for a future revision, return immediately with empty events set
-      // 2. receive any effective events.
-      if ((reply.created() && reply.header().revision() < parameters.revision) ||
-          reply.events_size() > 0) {
-        // leave a warning if the response is too large and been fragmented
-        if (reply.fragment()) {
-          std::cerr << "WARN: The response hasn't been fully received and parsed" << std::endl;
-        }
-
-        std::cout << "issue a watch cancel" << std::endl;
-        // cancel the watcher after receiving the good response
-        this->CancelWatch();
-
-        // start the next round to read finish messages, read into "&dummy"
-        // (use nullptr, as it won't be touched).
-        stream->Read(nullptr, (void*)etcdv3::WATCH_FINISH);
-      } else {
-        // start the next round to read reply, read into "&reply"
-        stream->Read(&reply, (void*)this);
-      }
-      continue;
-    }
-    if(isCancelled.load()) {
-      // invalid tag, and is cancelled
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction::CancelWatch()
-{
-  if (!isCancelled.exchange(true)) {
-    WatchRequest cancel_req;
-    cancel_req.mutable_cancel_request()->set_watch_id(this->watch_id);
-    stream->Write(cancel_req, (void *)etcdv3::WATCH_WRITE_CANCEL);
-    isCancelled.store(true);
-  }
-}
-
-bool etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction::Cancelled() const {
-  return isCancelled.load();
-}
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction::waitForResponse(std::function<void(etcd::Response)> callback)
-{
-  void* got_tag;
-  bool ok = false;
-
-  while(cq_.Next(&got_tag, &ok))
-  {
-    if(ok == false)
-    {
-      break;
-    }
-    if(got_tag == (void *)etcdv3::WATCH_WRITE_CANCEL) {
-      stream->WritesDone((void*)etcdv3::WATCH_WRITES_DONE);
-      continue;
-    }
-    if(got_tag == (void*)etcdv3::WATCH_WRITES_DONE)
-    {
-      stream->Finish(&status, (void *)etcdv3::WATCH_FINISH);
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (got_tag == (void *)etcdv3::WATCH_FINISH) {
-      // shutdown
-      cq_.Shutdown();
-      break;
-    }
-    if(got_tag == (void*)this) // read tag
-    {
-      if (reply.canceled()) {
-        if (reply.compact_revision() != 0) {
-          auto resp = ParseResponse();
-          auto duration = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
-              std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - start_timepoint);
-          callback(etcd::Response(resp, duration));
-        }
-        // cancel on-the-fly calls, but don't shutdown the completion queue as there
-        // are still a inflight call to finish
-        context.TryCancel();
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      // for the callback case, we don't invoke callback immediately if watching
-      // for a future revision, we wait until there are some effective events.
-      if(reply.events_size())
-      {
-        auto resp = ParseResponse();
-        auto duration = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
-            std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - start_timepoint);
-        callback(etcd::Response(resp, duration));
-        start_timepoint = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
-      }
-      stream->Read(&reply, (void*)this);
-      continue;
-    }
-    if(isCancelled.load()) {
-      // invalid tag, and is cancelled
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-etcdv3::AsyncWatchResponse etcdv3::AsyncWatchAction::ParseResponse()
-{
-  AsyncWatchResponse watch_resp;
-  watch_resp.set_action(etcdv3::WATCH_ACTION);
-
-  if(!status.ok())
-  {
-    watch_resp.set_error_code(status.error_code());
-    watch_resp.set_error_message(status.error_message());
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    watch_resp.ParseResponse(reply);
-  }
-  return watch_resp;
-}

src/v3/AsyncWatchResponse.cpp

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-#include "etcd/v3/AsyncWatchResponse.hpp"
-#include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
-
-void etcdv3::AsyncWatchResponse::ParseResponse(WatchResponse& reply)
-{
-  if (reply.canceled() && reply.compact_revision() != 0) {
-    error_code = grpc::StatusCode::OUT_OF_RANGE;
-    error_message = "required revision has been compacted";
-    compact_revision = reply.compact_revision();
-    return;
-  }
-  index = reply.header().revision();
-  for (auto const &e: reply.events()) {
-    events.emplace_back(e);
-  }
-  for(int cnt =0; cnt < reply.events_size(); cnt++)
-  {
-    auto event = reply.events(cnt);
-    if(mvccpb::Event::EventType::Event_EventType_PUT == event.type())
-    {
-      if(event.kv().version() == 1)
-      {
-        action = etcdv3::CREATE_ACTION;
-      }
-      else
-      {
-        action = etcdv3::SET_ACTION;
-      }
-      value.kvs = event.kv();       
-
-    }
-    else if(mvccpb::Event::EventType::Event_EventType_DELETE_ == event.type())
-    {
-      action = etcdv3::DELETE_ACTION;
-      value.kvs = event.kv();
-    } 
-    if(event.has_prev_kv())
-    {
-      prev_value.kvs = event.prev_kv();   
-    }
-    // just store the first occurence of the key in values.
-    // this is done so tas client will not need to change their behaviour.
-    // break immediately
-    break;
-  }
-}

src/v3/KeyValue.cpp

@@ -1,16 +1,7 @@
 #include "etcd/v3/KeyValue.hpp"
 
-etcdv3::KeyValue::KeyValue()
-{
-  ttl = 0;
-}
+etcdv3::KeyValue::KeyValue() { ttl = 0; }
 
-void etcdv3::KeyValue::set_ttl(int ttl) 
-{
-  this->ttl = ttl;
-}
+void etcdv3::KeyValue::set_ttl(int ttl) { this->ttl = ttl; }
 
-int etcdv3::KeyValue::get_ttl() const
-{
-  return ttl;
-}
+int etcdv3::KeyValue::get_ttl() const { return ttl; }

src/v3/Member.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#include "etcd/v3/Member.hpp"
+
+etcdv3::Member::Member() {
+  id = 0;
+  name = "";
+  peerURLs = {};
+  clientURLs = {};
+  isLearner = false;
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Member::set_id(uint64_t const& id) { this->id = id; }
+
+void etcdv3::Member::set_name(std::string const& name) { this->name = name; }
+
+void etcdv3::Member::set_peerURLs(std::vector<std::string> const& peerURLs) {
+  this->peerURLs = peerURLs;
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Member::set_clientURLs(
+    std::vector<std::string> const& clientURLs) {
+  this->clientURLs = clientURLs;
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Member::set_learner(bool isLearner) {
+  this->isLearner = isLearner;
+}
+
+uint64_t const& etcdv3::Member::get_id() const { return id; }
+
+std::string const& etcdv3::Member::get_name() const { return name; }
+
+std::vector<std::string> const& etcdv3::Member::get_peerURLs() const {
+  return peerURLs;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> const& etcdv3::Member::get_clientURLs() const {
+  return clientURLs;
+}
+
+bool etcdv3::Member::get_learner() const { return isLearner; }

src/v3/Transaction.cpp

@@ -2,11 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "proto/rpc.grpc.pb.h"
 
-using etcdserverpb::Compare;
-using etcdserverpb::RangeRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::PutRequest;
-using etcdserverpb::RequestOp;
-using etcdserverpb::DeleteRangeRequest;
+#include "etcd/v3/Action.hpp"
 
 namespace etcdv3 {
 
@@ -20,182 +16,345 @@ static etcdserverpb::Compare::CompareTarget to_compare_target(CompareTarget t) {
   return static_cast<etcdserverpb::Compare::CompareTarget>(static_cast<int>(t));
 }
 
-}
+}  // namespace detail
 
-}
+}  // namespace etcdv3
 
 etcdv3::Transaction::Transaction() {
   txn_request.reset(new etcdserverpb::TxnRequest{});
 }
 
-etcdv3::Transaction::Transaction(const std::string& key) : key(key) {
-    txn_request.reset(new etcdserverpb::TxnRequest{});
+etcdv3::Transaction::~Transaction() {}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_compare(std::string const& key,
+                                      CompareTarget const& target,
+                                      CompareResult const& result,
+                                      Value const& target_value,
+                                      std::string const& range_end) {
+  switch (target) {
+  case CompareTarget::VERSION:
+    add_compare_version(key, result, target_value.version, range_end);
+    break;
+  case CompareTarget::CREATE:
+    add_compare_create(key, result, target_value.create_revision, range_end);
+    break;
+  case CompareTarget::MOD:
+    add_compare_mod(key, result, target_value.mod_revision, range_end);
+    break;
+  case CompareTarget::VALUE:
+    add_compare_value(key, result, target_value.value, range_end);
+    break;
+  case CompareTarget::LEASE:
+    add_compare_lease(key, result, target_value.lease, range_end);
+    break;
+  default:
+    // ignore invalid compare target
+    break;
+  }
 }
 
-void etcdv3::Transaction::reset_key(std::string const& newkey) {
-    key = newkey;
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_compare_version(std::string const& key,
+                                              int64_t const& version,
+                                              std::string const& range_end) {
+  this->add_compare_version(key, CompareResult::EQUAL, version, range_end);
 }
 
-void etcdv3::Transaction::init_compare(CompareResult result, CompareTarget target){
-    Compare* compare = txn_request->add_compare();
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_compare_version(std::string const& key,
+                                              CompareResult const& result,
+                                              int64_t const& version,
+                                              std::string const& range_end) {
+  auto compare = txn_request->add_compare();
   compare->set_result(detail::to_compare_result(result));
-    compare->set_target(detail::to_compare_target(target));
+  compare->set_target(detail::to_compare_target(CompareTarget::VERSION));
   compare->set_key(key);
-
-    compare->set_version(0);
+  compare->set_version(version);
+  compare->set_range_end(range_end);
 }
 
-void etcdv3::Transaction::init_compare(std::string const& old_value, CompareResult result, CompareTarget target){
-    Compare* compare = txn_request->add_compare();
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_compare_create(std::string const& key,
+                                             int64_t const& create_revision,
+                                             std::string const& range_end) {
+  this->add_compare_create(key, CompareResult::EQUAL, create_revision,
+                           range_end);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_compare_create(std::string const& key,
+                                             CompareResult const& result,
+                                             int64_t const& create_revision,
+                                             std::string const& range_end) {
+  auto compare = txn_request->add_compare();
   compare->set_result(detail::to_compare_result(result));
-    compare->set_target(detail::to_compare_target(target));
+  compare->set_target(detail::to_compare_target(CompareTarget::CREATE));
   compare->set_key(key);
-
-    compare->set_value(old_value);
+  compare->set_create_revision(create_revision);
+  compare->set_range_end(range_end);
 }
 
-void etcdv3::Transaction::init_compare(int64_t old_index, CompareResult result, CompareTarget target){
-    Compare* compare = txn_request->add_compare();
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_compare_mod(std::string const& key,
+                                          int64_t const& mod_revision,
+                                          std::string const& range_end) {
+  this->add_compare_mod(key, CompareResult::EQUAL, mod_revision, range_end);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_compare_mod(std::string const& key,
+                                          CompareResult const& result,
+                                          int64_t const& mod_revision,
+                                          std::string const& range_end) {
+  auto compare = txn_request->add_compare();
   compare->set_result(detail::to_compare_result(result));
-    compare->set_target(detail::to_compare_target(target));
+  compare->set_target(detail::to_compare_target(CompareTarget::MOD));
   compare->set_key(key);
-
-    compare->set_mod_revision(old_index);
+  compare->set_mod_revision(mod_revision);
+  compare->set_range_end(range_end);
 }
 
-/**
- * get key on failure
- */
-void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_basic_failure_operation(std::string const& key) {
-    std::unique_ptr<RangeRequest> get_request(new RangeRequest());
-    get_request->set_key(key);
-    RequestOp* req_failure = txn_request->add_failure();
-    req_failure->set_allocated_request_range(get_request.release());
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_compare_value(std::string const& key,
+                                            std::string const& value,
+                                            std::string const& range_end) {
+  this->add_compare_value(key, CompareResult::EQUAL, value, range_end);
 }
 
-/**
- * get key on failure, get key before put, modify and then get updated key
- */
-void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_set_failure_operation(std::string const &key, std::string const &value, int64_t leaseid) {
-    std::unique_ptr<PutRequest> put_request(new PutRequest());
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_compare_value(std::string const& key,
+                                            CompareResult const& result,
+                                            std::string const& value,
+                                            std::string const& range_end) {
+  auto compare = txn_request->add_compare();
+  compare->set_result(detail::to_compare_result(result));
+  compare->set_target(detail::to_compare_target(CompareTarget::VALUE));
+  compare->set_key(key);
+  compare->set_value(value);
+  compare->set_range_end(range_end);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_compare_lease(std::string const& key,
+                                            int64_t const& lease,
+                                            std::string const& range_end) {
+  this->add_compare_lease(key, CompareResult::EQUAL, lease, range_end);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_compare_lease(std::string const& key,
+                                            CompareResult const& result,
+                                            int64_t const& lease,
+                                            std::string const& range_end) {
+  auto compare = txn_request->add_compare();
+  compare->set_result(detail::to_compare_result(result));
+  compare->set_target(detail::to_compare_target(CompareTarget::LEASE));
+  compare->set_key(key);
+  compare->set_lease(lease);
+  compare->set_range_end(range_end);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_success_range(std::string const& key,
+                                            std::string const& range_end,
+                                            bool const recursive,
+                                            const int64_t limit) {
+  auto succ = txn_request->add_success();
+  auto get_request = succ->mutable_request_range();
+  etcdv3::detail::make_request_with_ranges(*get_request, key, range_end,
+                                           recursive);
+  get_request->set_limit(limit);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_success_put(std::string const& key,
+                                          std::string const& value,
+                                          int64_t const leaseid,
+                                          const bool prev_kv) {
+  auto succ = txn_request->add_success();
+  auto put_request = succ->mutable_request_put();
   put_request->set_key(key);
   put_request->set_value(value);
-    put_request->set_prev_kv(true);
+  put_request->set_prev_kv(prev_kv);
   put_request->set_lease(leaseid);
-    RequestOp* req_failure = txn_request->add_failure();
-    req_failure->set_allocated_request_put(put_request.release());
-
-    std::unique_ptr<RangeRequest> get_request(new RangeRequest());
-    get_request->set_key(key);
-    req_failure = txn_request->add_failure();
-    req_failure->set_allocated_request_range(get_request.release());
 }
 
-/**
- * add key and then get new value of key
- */
-void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_basic_create_sequence(std::string const& key, std::string const& value, int64_t leaseid) {
-    std::unique_ptr<PutRequest> put_request(new PutRequest());
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_success_delete(std::string const& key,
+                                             std::string const& range_end,
+                                             bool const recursive,
+                                             const bool prev_kv) {
+  auto succ = txn_request->add_success();
+  auto del_request = succ->mutable_request_delete_range();
+  etcdv3::detail::make_request_with_ranges(*del_request, key, range_end,
+                                           recursive);
+  del_request->set_prev_kv(prev_kv);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_success_txn(
+    const std::shared_ptr<Transaction> txn) {
+  auto succ = txn_request->add_success();
+  auto txn_request = succ->mutable_request_txn();
+  txn_request->CopyFrom(*txn->txn_request);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_failure_range(std::string const& key,
+                                            std::string const& range_end,
+                                            bool const recursive,
+                                            const int64_t limit) {
+  auto fail = txn_request->add_failure();
+  auto get_request = fail->mutable_request_range();
+  etcdv3::detail::make_request_with_ranges(*get_request, key, range_end,
+                                           recursive);
+  get_request->set_limit(limit);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_failure_put(std::string const& key,
+                                          std::string const& value,
+                                          int64_t const leaseid,
+                                          const bool prev_kv) {
+  auto fail = txn_request->add_failure();
+  auto put_request = fail->mutable_request_put();
   put_request->set_key(key);
   put_request->set_value(value);
-    put_request->set_prev_kv(true);
+  put_request->set_prev_kv(prev_kv);
   put_request->set_lease(leaseid);
-    RequestOp* req_success = txn_request->add_success();
-    req_success->set_allocated_request_put(put_request.release());
-
-    std::unique_ptr<RangeRequest> get_request(new RangeRequest());
-    get_request->set_key(key);
-    req_success = txn_request->add_success();
-    req_success->set_allocated_request_range(get_request.release());
 }
 
-/**
- * get key value then modify and get new value
- */
-void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_compare_and_swap_sequence(std::string const& value, int64_t leaseid) {
-    std::unique_ptr<PutRequest> put_request(new PutRequest());
-    put_request->set_key(key);
-    put_request->set_value(value);
-    put_request->set_prev_kv(true);
-    put_request->set_lease(leaseid);
-    RequestOp* req_success = txn_request->add_success();
-    req_success->set_allocated_request_put(put_request.release());
-
-    std::unique_ptr<RangeRequest> get_request(new RangeRequest());
-    get_request->set_key(key);
-    req_success = txn_request->add_success();
-    req_success->set_allocated_request_range(get_request.release());
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_failure_delete(std::string const& key,
+                                             std::string const& range_end,
+                                             bool const recursive,
+                                             const bool prev_kv) {
+  auto fail = txn_request->add_failure();
+  auto del_request = fail->mutable_request_delete_range();
+  etcdv3::detail::make_request_with_ranges(*del_request, key, range_end,
+                                           recursive);
+  del_request->set_prev_kv(prev_kv);
 }
 
-/**
- * get key, delete
- */
-void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_delete_sequence(std::string const &key, std::string const &range_end, bool recursive) {
-    std::unique_ptr<DeleteRangeRequest> del_request(new DeleteRangeRequest());
-    del_request->set_key(key);
-    del_request->set_prev_kv(true);
-    if(recursive)
-    {
-        del_request->set_range_end(range_end);
+void etcdv3::Transaction::add_failure_txn(
+    const std::shared_ptr<Transaction> txn) {
+  auto fail = txn_request->add_failure();
+  auto txn_request = fail->mutable_request_txn();
+  txn_request->CopyFrom(*txn->txn_request);
 }
 
-    RequestOp* req_success = txn_request->add_success();
-    req_success->set_allocated_request_delete_range(del_request.release());
+void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_compare_and_create(
+    std::string const& key, std::string const& prev_value,
+    std::string const& create_key, std::string const& value,
+    int64_t const leaseid) {
+  this->add_compare_value(key, CompareResult::EQUAL, prev_value);
+  this->add_success_put(create_key, value, leaseid);
+  this->add_failure_range(key);
 }
 
-/**
- * get key, delete
- */
-void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_delete_failure_operation(std::string const &key, std::string const &range_end, bool recursive) {
-    std::unique_ptr<RangeRequest> get_request(new RangeRequest());
-    std::unique_ptr<DeleteRangeRequest> del_request(new DeleteRangeRequest());
-    get_request.reset(new RangeRequest());
-    get_request->set_key(key);
-    if(recursive)
-    {
-        get_request->set_range_end(range_end);
-        get_request->set_sort_target(RangeRequest::SortTarget::RangeRequest_SortTarget_KEY);
-        get_request->set_sort_order(RangeRequest::SortOrder::RangeRequest_SortOrder_ASCEND);
-    }
-    RequestOp* req_failure = txn_request->add_failure();
-    req_failure->set_allocated_request_range(get_request.release());
-
-    del_request.reset(new DeleteRangeRequest());
-    del_request->set_key(key);
-    if(recursive)
-    {
-        del_request->set_range_end(range_end);
+void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_compare_or_create(std::string const& key,
+                                                  std::string const& prev_value,
+                                                  std::string const& create_key,
+                                                  std::string const& value,
+                                                  int64_t const leaseid) {
+  this->add_compare_value(key, CompareResult::NOT_EQUAL, prev_value);
+  this->add_success_put(create_key, value, leaseid);
+  this->add_failure_range(key);
 }
 
-    req_failure = txn_request->add_failure();
-    req_failure->set_allocated_request_delete_range(del_request.release());
+void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_compare_and_swap(std::string const& key,
+                                                 std::string const& prev_value,
+                                                 std::string const& value,
+                                                 int64_t const leaseid) {
+  this->add_compare_value(key, CompareResult::EQUAL, prev_value);
+  this->add_success_put(key, value, leaseid);
+  this->add_failure_range(key);
 }
 
-void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_compare_and_delete_operation(std::string const& key) {
-    std::unique_ptr<DeleteRangeRequest> del_request(new DeleteRangeRequest());
-    del_request->set_key(key);
-    del_request->set_prev_kv(true);
-    RequestOp* req_success = txn_request->add_success();
-    req_success->set_allocated_request_delete_range(del_request.release());
+void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_compare_or_swap(std::string const& key,
+                                                std::string const& prev_value,
+                                                std::string const& value,
+                                                int64_t const leaseid) {
+  this->add_compare_value(key, CompareResult::NOT_EQUAL, prev_value);
+  this->add_success_put(key, value, leaseid);
+  this->add_failure_range(key);
 }
 
-void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_put(std::string const &key, std::string const &value) {
-    std::unique_ptr<PutRequest> put_request(new PutRequest());
-    put_request->set_key(key);
-    put_request->set_value(value);
-    put_request->set_prev_kv(false);
-    RequestOp* req_success = txn_request->add_success();
-    req_success->set_allocated_request_put(put_request.release());
+void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_compare_and_delete(
+    std::string const& key, std::string const& prev_value,
+    std::string const& delete_key, std::string const& range_end,
+    const bool recursive) {
+  this->add_compare_value(key, CompareResult::EQUAL, prev_value);
+  this->add_success_delete(delete_key, range_end, recursive,
+                           true /* for backwards compatibility */);
+  this->add_failure_range(key);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_compare_or_delete(std::string const& key,
+                                                  std::string const& prev_value,
+                                                  std::string const& delete_key,
+                                                  std::string const& range_end,
+                                                  const bool recursive) {
+  this->add_compare_value(key, CompareResult::NOT_EQUAL, prev_value);
+  this->add_success_delete(delete_key, range_end, recursive,
+                           true /* for backwards compatibility */);
+  this->add_failure_range(key);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_compare_and_create(
+    std::string const& key, const int64_t prev_revision,
+    std::string const& create_key, std::string const& value,
+    int64_t const leaseid) {
+  this->add_compare_mod(key, CompareResult::EQUAL, prev_revision);
+  this->add_success_put(create_key, value, leaseid);
+  this->add_failure_range(key);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_compare_or_create(std::string const& key,
+                                                  const int64_t prev_revision,
+                                                  std::string const& create_key,
+                                                  std::string const& value,
+                                                  int64_t const leaseid) {
+  this->add_compare_mod(key, CompareResult::NOT_EQUAL, prev_revision);
+  this->add_success_put(create_key, value, leaseid);
+  this->add_failure_range(key);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_compare_and_swap(std::string const& key,
+                                                 const int64_t prev_revision,
+                                                 std::string const& value,
+                                                 int64_t const leaseid) {
+  this->add_compare_mod(key, CompareResult::EQUAL, prev_revision);
+  this->add_success_put(key, value, leaseid);
+  this->add_failure_range(key);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_compare_or_swap(std::string const& key,
+                                                const int64_t prev_revision,
+                                                std::string const& value,
+                                                int64_t const leaseid) {
+  this->add_compare_mod(key, CompareResult::NOT_EQUAL, prev_revision);
+  this->add_success_put(key, value, leaseid);
+  this->add_failure_range(key);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_compare_and_delete(
+    std::string const& key, const int64_t prev_revision,
+    std::string const& delete_key, std::string const& range_end,
+    const bool recursive) {
+  this->add_compare_mod(key, CompareResult::EQUAL, prev_revision);
+  this->add_success_delete(delete_key, range_end, recursive,
+                           true /* for backwards compatibility */);
+  this->add_failure_range(key);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_compare_or_delete(std::string const& key,
+                                                  const int64_t prev_revision,
+                                                  std::string const& delete_key,
+                                                  std::string const& range_end,
+                                                  const bool recursive) {
+  this->add_compare_mod(key, CompareResult::NOT_EQUAL, prev_revision);
+  this->add_success_delete(delete_key, range_end, recursive,
+                           true /* for backwards compatibility */);
+  this->add_failure_range(key);
+}
+
+void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_put(std::string const& key,
+                                    std::string const& value) {
+  this->add_success_put(key, value);
 }
 
 void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_delete(std::string const& key) {
-    std::unique_ptr<DeleteRangeRequest> del_request(new DeleteRangeRequest());
-    del_request->set_key(key);
-    del_request->set_prev_kv(false);
-
-    RequestOp* req_success = txn_request->add_success();
-    req_success->set_allocated_request_delete_range(del_request.release());
+  this->add_success_delete(key, "", false,
+                           true /* for backwards compatibility */);
 }
 
-etcdv3::Transaction::~Transaction() {
+void etcdv3::Transaction::setup_delete(std::string const& key,
+                                       std::string const& range_end,
+                                       const bool recursive) {
+  this->add_success_delete(key, range_end, recursive,
+                           true /* for backwards compatibility */);
 }

src/v3/V3Response.cpp

@@ -1,69 +1,56 @@
 #include "etcd/v3/V3Response.hpp"
+#include "etcd/v3/Member.hpp"
 #include "etcd/v3/action_constants.hpp"
 
-void etcdv3::V3Response::set_error_code(int code) 
-{
-  error_code = code;
-}
+void etcdv3::V3Response::set_error_code(int code) { error_code = code; }
 
-void etcdv3::V3Response::set_error_message(std::string msg)
-{
+void etcdv3::V3Response::set_error_message(std::string msg) {
   error_message = msg;
 }
 
-int64_t etcdv3::V3Response::get_index() const
-{
-  return index;
-}
+int64_t etcdv3::V3Response::get_index() const { return index; }
 
-std::string const & etcdv3::V3Response::get_action() const
-{
-  return action;
-}
+std::string const& etcdv3::V3Response::get_action() const { return action; }
 
-int etcdv3::V3Response::get_error_code() const
-{
-  return error_code;
-}
+int etcdv3::V3Response::get_error_code() const { return error_code; }
 
-std::string const & etcdv3::V3Response::get_error_message() const
-{
+std::string const& etcdv3::V3Response::get_error_message() const {
   return error_message;
 }
 
-void etcdv3::V3Response::set_action(std::string action)
-{
+void etcdv3::V3Response::set_action(std::string action) {
   this->action = action;
 }
 
-std::vector<etcdv3::KeyValue> const & etcdv3::V3Response::get_values() const
-{
+std::vector<etcdv3::KeyValue> const& etcdv3::V3Response::get_values() const {
   return values;
 }
 
-std::vector<etcdv3::KeyValue> const & etcdv3::V3Response::get_prev_values() const
-{
+std::vector<etcdv3::KeyValue> const& etcdv3::V3Response::get_prev_values()
+    const {
   return prev_values;
 }
 
-etcdv3::KeyValue const & etcdv3::V3Response::get_value() const
-{
-  return value;
-}
+etcdv3::KeyValue const& etcdv3::V3Response::get_value() const { return value; }
 
-etcdv3::KeyValue const & etcdv3::V3Response::get_prev_value() const
-{
+etcdv3::KeyValue const& etcdv3::V3Response::get_prev_value() const {
   return prev_value;
 }
 
-bool etcdv3::V3Response::has_values() const
-{
-  return values.size() > 0;
+bool etcdv3::V3Response::has_values() const { return values.size() > 0; }
+
+int64_t etcdv3::V3Response::get_compact_revision() const {
+  return compact_revision;
 }
 
-int64_t etcdv3::V3Response::get_compact_revision() const
-{
-  return compact_revision;
+void etcdv3::V3Response::set_compact_revision(const int64_t compact_revision) {
+  this->compact_revision = compact_revision;
+}
+
+int64_t etcdv3::V3Response::get_watch_id() const { return watch_id; }
+
+void etcdv3::V3Response::set_watch_id(const int64_t watch_id) {
+  this->watch_id = watch_id;
 }
 
 void etcdv3::V3Response::set_lock_key(std::string const& key) {
@@ -78,26 +65,22 @@ void etcdv3::V3Response::set_name(std::string const &name) {
   this->name = name;
 }
 
-std::string const & etcdv3::V3Response::get_name() const {
-  return this->name;
-}
+std::string const& etcdv3::V3Response::get_name() const { return this->name; }
 
 std::vector<mvccpb::Event> const& etcdv3::V3Response::get_events() const {
   return this->events;
 }
 
-uint64_t etcdv3::V3Response::get_cluster_id() const {
-  return this->cluster_id;
-}
+uint64_t etcdv3::V3Response::get_cluster_id() const { return this->cluster_id; }
 
-uint64_t etcdv3::V3Response::get_member_id() const {
-  return this->member_id;
-}
+uint64_t etcdv3::V3Response::get_member_id() const { return this->member_id; }
 
-uint64_t etcdv3::V3Response::get_raft_term() const {
-  return this->raft_term;
-}
+uint64_t etcdv3::V3Response::get_raft_term() const { return this->raft_term; }
 
 std::vector<int64_t> const& etcdv3::V3Response::get_leases() const {
   return this->leases;
 }
+
+std::vector<etcdv3::Member> const& etcdv3::V3Response::get_members() const {
+  return this->members;
+}

src/v3/action_constants.cpp

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ char const * etcdv3::COMPARESWAP_ACTION = "compareAndSwap";
 char const* etcdv3::UPDATE_ACTION = "update";
 char const* etcdv3::SET_ACTION = "set";
 char const* etcdv3::GET_ACTION = "get";
-char const * etcdv3::PUT_ACTION = "put";
+char const* etcdv3::PUT_ACTION = "set";  // alias
 char const* etcdv3::DELETE_ACTION = "delete";
 char const* etcdv3::COMPAREDELETE_ACTION = "compareAndDelete";
 char const* etcdv3::LOCK_ACTION = "lock";
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ char const * etcdv3::LEASEKEEPALIVE = "leasekeepalive";
 char const* etcdv3::LEASETIMETOLIVE = "leasetimetolive";
 char const* etcdv3::LEASELEASES = "leaseleases";
 
+char const* etcdv3::ADDMEMBER = "addmember";
+char const* etcdv3::LISTMEMBER = "listmember";
+char const* etcdv3::REMOVEMEMBER = "removemember";
+
 char const* etcdv3::CAMPAIGN_ACTION = "campaign";
 char const* etcdv3::PROCLAIM_ACTION = "preclaim";
 char const* etcdv3::LEADER_ACTION = "leader";
@@ -42,6 +46,7 @@ char const * etcdv3::WATCH_WRITES_DONE = "watch writes done";
 char const* etcdv3::WATCH_FINISH = "watch finish";
 
 char const* etcdv3::ELECTION_OBSERVE_CREATE = "observe create";
+char const* etcdv3::ELECTION_OBSERVE_FINISH = "observe finish";
 
 const int etcdv3::ERROR_GRPC_OK = 0;
 const int etcdv3::ERROR_GRPC_CANCELLED = 1;

tst/AuthTest.cpp

@@ -5,16 +5,15 @@
 
 #include "etcd/Client.hpp"
 
-static const std::string etcd_url = etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
+static const std::string etcd_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
 
-TEST_CASE("setup with auth")
-{
+TEST_CASE("setup with auth") {
   etcd::Client* etcd = etcd::Client::WithUser(etcd_url, "root", "root");
   etcd->rmdir("/test", true).wait();
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("add a new key after authenticate")
-{
+TEST_CASE("add a new key after authenticate") {
   etcd::Client* etcd = etcd::Client::WithUser(etcd_url, "root", "root");
   etcd->rmdir("/test", true).wait();
   etcd::Response resp = etcd->add("/test/key1", "42").get();
@@ -28,24 +27,28 @@ TEST_CASE("add a new key after authenticate")
   CHECK(0 < val.modified_index());
   CHECK(1 == val.version());
   CHECK(0 < resp.index());
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS == etcd->add("/test/key1", "43").get().error_code()); // Key already exists
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS == etcd->add("/test/key1", "42").get().error_code()); // Key already exists
-  CHECK("etcd-cpp-apiv3: key already exists" == etcd->add("/test/key1", "42").get().error_message());
+  CHECK(
+      etcd::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS ==
+      etcd->add("/test/key1", "43").get().error_code());  // Key already exists
+  CHECK(
+      etcd::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS ==
+      etcd->add("/test/key1", "42").get().error_code());  // Key already exists
+  CHECK("etcd-cpp-apiv3: key already exists" ==
+        etcd->add("/test/key1", "42").get().error_message());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("read a value from etcd")
-{
+TEST_CASE("read a value from etcd") {
   etcd::Client* etcd = etcd::Client::WithUser(etcd_url, "root", "root");
   etcd::Response resp = etcd->get("/test/key1").get();
   CHECK("get" == resp.action());
   REQUIRE(resp.is_ok());
   REQUIRE(0 == resp.error_code());
   CHECK("42" == resp.value().as_string());
-  CHECK("" == etcd->get("/test").get().value().as_string()); // key points to a directory
+  CHECK("" == etcd->get("/test").get().value().as_string());  // key points to a
+                                                              // directory
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("cleanup")
-{
+TEST_CASE("cleanup") {
   etcd::Client* etcd = etcd::Client::WithUser(etcd_url, "root", "root");
   REQUIRE(0 == etcd->rmdir("/test", true).get().error_code());
 }

tst/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ foreach(testfile ${TEST_FILES})
         add_executable(${test_name} EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${testfile})
     endif()
     use_cxx(${test_name})
+    set_exceptions(${test_name})
     add_test(NAME ${test_name} COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:${test_name}>)
 
     target_include_directories(${test_name} PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/../proto/gen)

tst/CampaignTest.cpp

@@ -39,13 +39,14 @@ TEST_CASE("campaign and leadership using keepalive") {
 
   std::cout << "finish leader" << std::endl;
 
-  auto resp3 = etcd.resign("/leader", resp1.value().lease(), resp1.value().key(), resp1.value().created_index()).get();
+  auto resp3 = etcd.resign("/leader", resp1.value().lease(),
+                           resp1.value().key(), resp1.value().created_index())
+                   .get();
   CHECK(0 == resp3.error_code());
 
   std::cout << "finish resign" << std::endl;
 }
 
-
 TEST_CASE("concurrent campaign with grpc timeout") {
   std::string value1 = std::string("192.168.1.6:1880");
   std::string value2 = std::string("192.168.1.6:1890");
@@ -60,7 +61,9 @@ TEST_CASE("concurrent campaign with grpc timeout") {
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(10));
 
     // resign
-    auto resp2 = etcd.resign("/leader", resp1.value().lease(), resp1.value().key(), resp1.value().created_index()).get();
+    auto resp2 = etcd.resign("/leader", resp1.value().lease(),
+                             resp1.value().key(), resp1.value().created_index())
+                     .get();
     CHECK(0 == resp2.error_code());
   };
 
@@ -92,7 +95,9 @@ TEST_CASE("concurrent campaign with grpc timeout") {
       }
     }
 
-    auto resp2 = etcd.resign("/leader", resp1.value().lease(), resp1.value().key(), resp1.value().created_index()).get();
+    auto resp2 = etcd.resign("/leader", resp1.value().lease(),
+                             resp1.value().key(), resp1.value().created_index())
+                     .get();
     CHECK(0 == resp2.error_code());
   };
 

tst/ElectionTest.cpp

@@ -8,16 +8,15 @@
 #include "etcd/Client.hpp"
 #include "etcd/KeepAlive.hpp"
 
-static const std::string etcd_url = etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
+static const std::string etcd_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
 
-TEST_CASE("setup")
-{
+TEST_CASE("setup") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true).wait();
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("campaign and resign")
-{
+TEST_CASE("campaign and resign") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
 
   auto keepalive = etcd.leasekeepalive(60).get();
@@ -36,9 +35,9 @@ TEST_CASE("campaign and resign")
   }
 
   // proclaim
-  auto resp3 = etcd.proclaim("test", lease_id,
-                             resp1.value().key(), resp1.value().created_index(),
-                             "tttt").get();
+  auto resp3 = etcd.proclaim("test", lease_id, resp1.value().key(),
+                             resp1.value().created_index(), "tttt")
+                   .get();
   REQUIRE(0 == resp3.error_code());
 
   // leader
@@ -50,13 +49,67 @@ TEST_CASE("campaign and resign")
   }
 
   // resign
-  auto resp5 = etcd.resign("test", lease_id,
-                           resp1.value().key(), resp1.value().created_index()).get();
+  auto resp5 = etcd.resign("test", lease_id, resp1.value().key(),
+                           resp1.value().created_index())
+                   .get();
   REQUIRE(0 == resp5.error_code());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("cleanup")
+TEST_CASE("campaign and observe") {
+  etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
+
+  auto keepalive = etcd.leasekeepalive(60).get();
+  auto lease_id = keepalive->Lease();
+
+  auto observer_thread = std::thread([&etcd]() {
+    std::unique_ptr<etcd::SyncClient::Observer> observer = etcd.observe("test");
+    // wait many change events, blocked execution
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+      etcd::Response resp = observer->WaitOnce();
+      std::cout << "observe " << resp.value().key()
+                << " as the leader: " << resp.value().as_string() << std::endl;
+    }
+    std::cout << "finish the observe" << std::endl;
+    // cancel the observers
+    observer.reset(nullptr);
+  });
+
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
+    // campaign
+    auto resp1 = etcd.campaign("test", lease_id, "xxxx").get();
+    REQUIRE(0 == resp1.error_code());
+    std::cout << "key " << resp1.value().key() << " becomes the leader"
+              << std::endl;
+
+    // proclaim
+    auto resp3 = etcd.proclaim("test", lease_id, resp1.value().key(),
+                               resp1.value().created_index(),
+                               "tttt - " + std::to_string(i))
+                     .get();
+    REQUIRE(0 == resp3.error_code());
+
+    // leader
     {
+      auto resp4 = etcd.leader("test").get();
+      REQUIRE(0 == resp4.error_code());
+      REQUIRE(resp1.value().key() == resp4.value().key());
+      REQUIRE("tttt - " + std::to_string(i) == resp4.value().as_string());
+    }
+
+    // resign
+    auto resp5 = etcd.resign("test", lease_id, resp1.value().key(),
+                             resp1.value().created_index())
+                     .get();
+    REQUIRE(0 == resp5.error_code());
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
+  }
+
+  observer_thread.join();
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("cleanup") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true).get();
 }

tst/EtcdMemberTest.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+#include <cmath>
+#define CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "etcd/Client.hpp"
+
+static const std::string etcd_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
+
+pid_t new_etcd_pid = 0;
+
+pid_t start_etcd_server(const std::string& etcd_path,
+                        const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+  pid_t pid = fork();
+  if (pid == -1) {
+    std::cout << "Failed to fork process" << std::endl;
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  } else if (pid == 0) {
+    std::vector<char*> c_args;
+    c_args.push_back(const_cast<char*>(etcd_path.c_str()));
+    for (const auto& arg : args) {
+      c_args.push_back(const_cast<char*>(arg.c_str()));
+    }
+    c_args.push_back(nullptr);
+
+    if (execvp(etcd_path.c_str(), c_args.data()) == -1) {
+      std::cout << "Failed to exec etcd process: " << std::strerror(errno)
+                << std::endl;
+      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return pid;
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("add member") {
+  etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
+  etcd::Response res = etcd.list_member().get();
+  REQUIRE(res.is_ok());
+  CHECK(1 == res.members().size());
+
+  std::string member_name = res.members()[0].get_name();
+  std::string prev_peer_urls = res.members()[0].get_peerURLs()[0];
+
+  // Add a new member
+  std::string peer_urls = "http://127.0.0.1:33691";
+  std::string client_urls = "http://127.0.0.1:33690";
+  bool is_learner = false;
+  res = etcd.add_member(peer_urls, is_learner).get();
+  REQUIRE(res.is_ok());
+
+  // Create the directory for the new etcd server
+  std::string cmd = "mkdir -p /tmp/new_etcd_member";
+  system(cmd.c_str());
+
+  // Start a new etcd server
+  std::vector<std::string> args = {
+      "--name",
+      "new_etcd_member",
+      "--initial-advertise-peer-urls",
+      peer_urls,
+      "--listen-peer-urls",
+      peer_urls,
+      "--initial-cluster",
+      member_name + "=" + prev_peer_urls + ",new_etcd_member=" + peer_urls,
+      "--initial-cluster-state",
+      "existing",
+      "--listen-client-urls",
+      client_urls,
+      "--advertise-client-urls",
+      client_urls,
+      "--data-dir",
+      "/tmp/new_etcd_member",
+  };
+
+  new_etcd_pid = start_etcd_server("/usr/local/bin/etcd", args);
+
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(30));
+
+  // Check the member's number
+  {
+    etcd::Response res = etcd.list_member().get();
+    REQUIRE(res.is_ok());
+    CHECK(2 == res.members().size());
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("member remove") {
+  etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
+  etcd::Response res = etcd.list_member().get();
+  REQUIRE(res.is_ok());
+  CHECK(2 == res.members().size());
+
+  uint64_t member_id = 0;
+  for (const auto& member : res.members()) {
+    if (member.get_name() == "new_etcd_member") {
+      member_id = member.get_id();
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  REQUIRE(member_id != 0);
+  // Remove the new member
+  res = etcd.remove_member(member_id).get();
+
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(30));
+
+  // Check whether the new etcd server is quited
+  {
+    int status;
+    pid_t wpid = waitpid(new_etcd_pid, &status, WNOHANG);
+    REQUIRE(wpid == new_etcd_pid);
+    REQUIRE(WIFEXITED(status));
+    REQUIRE(WEXITSTATUS(status) == 0);
+  }
+
+  // Remove the directory for the new etcd server
+  std::string cmd = "rm -rf /tmp/new_etcd_member";
+  system(cmd.c_str());
+
+  // Check the member's number
+  {
+    etcd::Response res = etcd.list_member().get();
+    REQUIRE(res.is_ok());
+    CHECK(1 == res.members().size());
+  }
+}

tst/EtcdResolverTest.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#define CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN
+#include <catch.hpp>
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include "etcd/Client.hpp"
+
+static const std::string etcd_v4_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
+static const std::string etcd_v6_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://::1:2379");
+// http://[ipv6]:port url
+static const std::string etcd_ipv6_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://[::1]:2379");
+
+TEST_CASE("test ipv4 connection") {
+  std::cout << "ipv4 endpoints: " << etcd_v4_url << std::endl;
+  etcd::Client etcd(etcd_v4_url);
+  REQUIRE(etcd.head().get().is_ok());
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("test ipv6 connection") {
+  std::cout << "ipv6 endpoints: " << etcd_v6_url << std::endl;
+  etcd::Client etcd(etcd_v6_url);
+  REQUIRE(etcd.head().get().is_ok());
+
+  std::cout << "ipv6 endpoints: " << etcd_ipv6_url << std::endl;
+  etcd::Client etcd1(etcd_ipv6_url);
+  REQUIRE(etcd1.head().get().is_ok());
+}

tst/EtcdSyncTest.cpp

@@ -5,22 +5,29 @@
 
 #include "etcd/SyncClient.hpp"
 
-static const std::string etcd_url = etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
+static const std::string etcd_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
 
-TEST_CASE("sync operations")
-{
+TEST_CASE("sync operations") {
   etcd::SyncClient etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true);
 
+  etcd::Response res;
+  int64_t index;
+
   // add
   CHECK(0 == etcd.add("/test/key1", "42").error_code());
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS == etcd.add("/test/key1", "42").error_code()); // Key already exists
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS ==
+        etcd.add("/test/key1", "41").error_code());  // Key already exists
   CHECK("42" == etcd.get("/test/key1").value().as_string());
 
   // modify
   CHECK(0 == etcd.modify("/test/key1", "43").error_code());
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND == etcd.modify("/test/key2", "43").error_code()); // Key not found
-  CHECK("43" == etcd.modify("/test/key1", "42").prev_value().as_string());
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND ==
+        etcd.modify("/test/key2", "43").error_code());  // Key not found
+  res = etcd.modify("/test/key1", "42");
+  CHECK(0 == res.error_code());
+  CHECK("43" == res.prev_value().as_string());
 
   // set
   CHECK(0 == etcd.set("/test/key1", "43").error_code());  // overwrite
@@ -32,7 +39,8 @@ TEST_CASE("sync operations")
   CHECK("43" == etcd.get("/test/key1").value().as_string());
   CHECK("44" == etcd.get("/test/key2").value().as_string());
   CHECK("44" == etcd.get("/test/key3").value().as_string());
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND == etcd.get("/test/key4").error_code()); // key not found
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND ==
+        etcd.get("/test/key4").error_code());  // key not found
 
   // rm
   CHECK(3 == etcd.ls("/test").keys().size());
@@ -51,28 +59,37 @@ TEST_CASE("sync operations")
   CHECK(2 == etcd.keys("/test/new_dir").keys().size());
 
   // rmdir
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND == etcd.rmdir("/test/new_dir").error_code()); // key not found
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND ==
+        etcd.rmdir("/test/new_dir").error_code());  // key not found
   CHECK(0 == etcd.rmdir("/test/new_dir", true).error_code());
 
   // compare and swap
   etcd.set("/test/key1", "42");
-  int64_t index = etcd.modify_if("/test/key1", "43", "42").index();
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED == etcd.modify_if("/test/key1", "44", "42").error_code());
+  index = etcd.modify_if("/test/key1", "43", "42").index();
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED ==
+        etcd.modify_if("/test/key1", "44", "42").error_code());
   REQUIRE(etcd.modify_if("/test/key1", "44", index).is_ok());
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED == etcd.modify_if("/test/key1", "45", index).error_code());
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED ==
+        etcd.modify_if("/test/key1", "45", index).error_code());
 
   // atomic compare-and-delete based on prevValue
   etcd.set("/test/key1", "42");
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED == etcd.rm_if("/test/key1", "43").error_code());
-  CHECK(0 == etcd.rm_if("/test/key1", "42").error_code());
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED ==
+        etcd.rm_if("/test/key1", "43").error_code());
+  res = etcd.rm_if("/test/key1", "42");
+  CHECK(
+      (0 == res.error_code() || etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND == res.error_code()));
 
   // atomic compare-and-delete based on prevIndex
   index = etcd.set("/test/key1", "42").index();
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED == etcd.rm_if("/test/key1", index - 1).error_code());
-  CHECK(0 == etcd.rm_if("/test/key1", index).error_code());
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED ==
+        etcd.rm_if("/test/key1", index - 1).error_code());
+  res = etcd.rm_if("/test/key1", index);
+  CHECK(
+      (0 == res.error_code() || etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND == res.error_code()));
 
   // leasegrant
-  etcd::Response res = etcd.leasegrant(60);
+  res = etcd.leasegrant(60);
   REQUIRE(res.is_ok());
   CHECK(60 == res.value().ttl());
   CHECK(0 < res.value().lease());
@@ -88,6 +105,7 @@ TEST_CASE("sync operations")
   res = etcd.set("/test/key1", "43", leaseid);
   REQUIRE(0 == res.error_code());
   CHECK("set" == res.action());
+  res = etcd.get("/test/key1");
   CHECK(leaseid == res.value().lease());
 
   // modify with lease
@@ -114,8 +132,7 @@ TEST_CASE("sync operations")
   REQUIRE(0 == etcd.rmdir("/test", true).error_code());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("wait for a value change")
-{
+TEST_CASE("wait for a value change") {
   etcd::SyncClient etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.set("/test/key1", "42");
 
@@ -132,8 +149,7 @@ TEST_CASE("wait for a value change")
   REQUIRE(0 == etcd.rmdir("/test", true).error_code());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("wait for a directory change")
-{
+TEST_CASE("wait for a directory change") {
   etcd::SyncClient etcd(etcd_url);
 
   std::thread watch_thrd1([&]() {
@@ -159,8 +175,7 @@ TEST_CASE("wait for a directory change")
   REQUIRE(0 == etcd.rmdir("/test", true).error_code());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("watch changes in the past")
-{
+TEST_CASE("watch changes in the past") {
   etcd::SyncClient etcd(etcd_url);
 
   int64_t index = etcd.set("/test/key1", "42").index();

tst/EtcdTest.cpp

@@ -7,16 +7,15 @@
 
 #include "etcd/Client.hpp"
 
-static const std::string etcd_url = etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
+static const std::string etcd_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
 
-TEST_CASE("setup")
-{
+TEST_CASE("setup") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true).wait();
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("add a new key")
-{
+TEST_CASE("add a new key") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true).wait();
   etcd::Response resp = etcd.add("/test/key1", "42").get();
@@ -30,32 +29,35 @@ TEST_CASE("add a new key")
   CHECK(0 < val.modified_index());
   CHECK(1 == val.version());
   CHECK(0 < resp.index());
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS == etcd.add("/test/key1", "43").get().error_code()); // Key already exists
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS == etcd.add("/test/key1", "42").get().error_code()); // Key already exists
-  CHECK("etcd-cpp-apiv3: key already exists" == etcd.add("/test/key1", "42").get().error_message());
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS ==
+        etcd.add("/test/key1", "43").get().error_code());  // Key already exists
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS ==
+        etcd.add("/test/key1", "42").get().error_code());  // Key already exists
+  CHECK("etcd-cpp-apiv3: key already exists" ==
+        etcd.add("/test/key1", "42").get().error_message());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("read a value from etcd")
-{
+TEST_CASE("read a value from etcd") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd::Response resp = etcd.get("/test/key1").get();
   CHECK("get" == resp.action());
   REQUIRE(resp.is_ok());
   REQUIRE(0 == resp.error_code());
   CHECK("42" == resp.value().as_string());
-  CHECK("" == etcd.get("/test").get().value().as_string()); // key points to a directory
+  CHECK("" == etcd.get("/test").get().value().as_string());  // key points to a
+                                                             // directory
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("simplified read")
-{
+TEST_CASE("simplified read") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   CHECK("42" == etcd.get("/test/key1").get().value().as_string());
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND  == etcd.get("/test/key2").get().error_code()); // Key not found
-  CHECK("" == etcd.get("/test/key2").get().value().as_string()); // Key not found
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND ==
+        etcd.get("/test/key2").get().error_code());  // Key not found
+  CHECK("" ==
+        etcd.get("/test/key2").get().value().as_string());  // Key not found
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("modify a key")
-{
+TEST_CASE("modify a key") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
 
   // get
@@ -68,7 +70,8 @@ TEST_CASE("modify a key")
   resp = etcd.modify("/test/key1", "43").get();
   REQUIRE(0 == resp.error_code());  // overwrite
   CHECK("update" == resp.action());
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND == etcd.modify("/test/key2", "43").get().error_code()); // Key not found
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND ==
+        etcd.modify("/test/key2", "43").get().error_code());  // Key not found
   CHECK("43" == etcd.modify("/test/key1", "42").get().prev_value().as_string());
 
   // check previous
@@ -77,8 +80,7 @@ TEST_CASE("modify a key")
   CHECK("42" == resp.value().as_string());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("set a key")
-{
+TEST_CASE("set a key") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd::Response resp = etcd.set("/test/key1", "43").get();
   REQUIRE(0 == resp.error_code());  // overwrite
@@ -89,16 +91,16 @@ TEST_CASE("set a key")
   CHECK(0 == etcd.set("/test", "42").get().error_code());  // Not a file
 
   // set with ttl
-  resp = etcd.set("/test/key1", "50", 10).get();
+  resp = etcd.set("/test/key1", "50").get();
   REQUIRE(0 == resp.error_code());  // overwrite
   CHECK("set" == resp.action());
   CHECK("43" == resp.prev_value().as_string());
+  resp = etcd.get("/test/key1").get();
   CHECK("50" == resp.value().as_string());
-  CHECK( 0 < resp.value().lease());
+  CHECK(0 == resp.value().lease());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("atomic compare-and-swap")
-{
+TEST_CASE("atomic compare-and-swap") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.set("/test/key1", "42").wait();
 
@@ -114,15 +116,14 @@ TEST_CASE("atomic compare-and-swap")
   CHECK(etcd::ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED == res.error_code());
   CHECK("etcd-cpp-apiv3: compare failed" == res.error_message());
 
-  // modify fails the second time
+  // modify fails on non-existing keys
   res = etcd.modify_if("/test/key222", "44", "42").get();
   CHECK(!res.is_ok());
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND == res.error_code());
-  CHECK("etcd-cpp-apiv3: key not found" == res.error_message());
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_COMPARE_FAILED == res.error_code());
+  CHECK("etcd-cpp-apiv3: compare failed" == res.error_message());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("delete a value")
-{
+TEST_CASE("delete a value") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd::Response resp = etcd.rm("/test/key11111").get();
   CHECK(!resp.is_ok());
@@ -144,15 +145,14 @@ TEST_CASE("delete a value")
   CHECK(modify_index == resp.prev_value().modified_index());
   CHECK(version == resp.prev_value().version());
   CHECK("delete" == resp.action());
-  CHECK( modify_index == resp.value().modified_index());
   CHECK(create_index == resp.value().created_index());
+  CHECK(modify_index == resp.value().modified_index());
   CHECK(version == resp.value().version());
-  CHECK("" == resp.value().as_string());
+  CHECK("43" == resp.value().as_string());
   CHECK("/test/key1" == resp.value().key());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("atomic compare-and-delete based on prevValue")
-{
+TEST_CASE("atomic compare-and-delete based on prevValue") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.set("/test/key1", "42").wait();
 
@@ -167,8 +167,7 @@ TEST_CASE("atomic compare-and-delete based on prevValue")
   CHECK("42" == res.prev_value().as_string());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("atomic compare-and-delete based on prevIndex")
-{
+TEST_CASE("atomic compare-and-delete based on prevIndex") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   int64_t index = etcd.set("/test/key1", "42").get().index();
 
@@ -183,8 +182,7 @@ TEST_CASE("atomic compare-and-delete based on prevIndex")
   CHECK("42" == res.prev_value().as_string());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("deep atomic compare-and-swap")
-{
+TEST_CASE("deep atomic compare-and-swap") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.set("/test/key1", "42").wait();
 
@@ -214,8 +212,7 @@ TEST_CASE("deep atomic compare-and-swap")
   CHECK("etcd-cpp-apiv3: compare failed" == res.error_message());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("using binary keys and values, raw char pointer doesn't work")
-{
+TEST_CASE("using binary keys and values, raw char pointer doesn't work") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true).wait();
   {
@@ -244,12 +241,13 @@ TEST_CASE("using binary keys and values, raw char pointer doesn't work")
   }
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("using binary keys and values, std::string is ok for \\0")
-{
+TEST_CASE("using binary keys and values, std::string is ok for \\0") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true).wait();
   {
-    etcd::Response resp = etcd.put(std::string("/test/key1\0xyz", 14), std::string("42\0foo", 6)).get();
+    etcd::Response resp =
+        etcd.put(std::string("/test/key1\0xyz", 14), std::string("42\0foo", 6))
+            .get();
     REQUIRE(resp.is_ok());
   }
   {
@@ -267,8 +265,7 @@ TEST_CASE("using binary keys and values, std::string is ok for \\0")
   }
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("list a directory")
-{
+TEST_CASE("list a directory") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   CHECK(0 == etcd.ls("/test/new_dir").get().keys().size());
 
@@ -304,8 +301,7 @@ TEST_CASE("list a directory")
   CHECK(etcd.rmdir("/test/new_dir", true).get().is_ok());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("list by range")
-{
+TEST_CASE("list by range") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   CHECK(0 == etcd.ls("/test/new_dir").get().keys().size());
 
@@ -315,13 +311,15 @@ TEST_CASE("list by range")
   etcd.set("/test/new_dir/key3", "value3").wait();
   etcd.set("/test/new_dir/key4", "value4").wait();
 
-  etcd::Response resp1 = etcd.ls("/test/new_dir/key1", "/test/new_dir/key3").get();
+  etcd::Response resp1 =
+      etcd.ls("/test/new_dir/key1", "/test/new_dir/key3").get();
   REQUIRE(resp1.is_ok());
   CHECK("get" == resp1.action());
   REQUIRE(2 == resp1.keys().size());
   REQUIRE(2 == resp1.values().size());
 
-  etcd::Response resp2 = etcd.ls("/test/new_dir/key1", "/test/new_dir/key4").get();
+  etcd::Response resp2 =
+      etcd.ls("/test/new_dir/key1", "/test/new_dir/key4").get();
   REQUIRE(resp2.is_ok());
   CHECK("get" == resp2.action());
   REQUIRE(3 == resp2.keys().size());
@@ -333,7 +331,10 @@ TEST_CASE("list by range")
   REQUIRE(4 == resp3.keys().size());
   REQUIRE(4 == resp3.values().size());
 
-  etcd::Response resp4 = etcd.ls("/test/new_dir/key1", etcdv3::detail::string_plus_one("/test/new_dir/key")).get();
+  etcd::Response resp4 =
+      etcd.ls("/test/new_dir/key1",
+              etcdv3::detail::string_plus_one("/test/new_dir/key"))
+          .get();
   REQUIRE(resp4.is_ok());
   CHECK("get" == resp4.action());
   REQUIRE(4 == resp4.keys().size());
@@ -344,8 +345,7 @@ TEST_CASE("list by range")
   CHECK(etcd.rmdir("/test/new_dir", true).get().is_ok());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("list by range, w/o values")
-{
+TEST_CASE("list by range, w/o values") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   CHECK(0 == etcd.ls("/test/new_dir").get().keys().size());
 
@@ -355,14 +355,16 @@ TEST_CASE("list by range, w/o values")
   etcd.set("/test/new_dir/key3", "value3").wait();
   etcd.set("/test/new_dir/key4", "value4").wait();
 
-  etcd::Response resp1 = etcd.ls("/test/new_dir/key1", "/test/new_dir/key2").get();
+  etcd::Response resp1 =
+      etcd.ls("/test/new_dir/key1", "/test/new_dir/key2").get();
   REQUIRE(resp1.is_ok());
   CHECK("get" == resp1.action());
   REQUIRE(1 == resp1.keys().size());
   REQUIRE(1 == resp1.values().size());
   REQUIRE(resp1.values()[0].as_string() == "value1");
 
-  etcd::Response resp2 = etcd.keys("/test/new_dir/key1", "/test/new_dir/key2").get();
+  etcd::Response resp2 =
+      etcd.keys("/test/new_dir/key1", "/test/new_dir/key2").get();
   REQUIRE(resp1.is_ok());
   CHECK("get" == resp2.action());
   REQUIRE(1 == resp2.keys().size());
@@ -372,15 +374,15 @@ TEST_CASE("list by range, w/o values")
   CHECK(etcd.rmdir("/test/new_dir", true).get().is_ok());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("delete a directory")
-{
+TEST_CASE("delete a directory") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
 
   etcd.set("/test/new_dir/key1", "value1").wait();
   etcd.set("/test/new_dir/key2", "value2").wait();
   etcd.set("/test/new_dir/key3", "value3").wait();
 
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND == etcd.rmdir("/test/new_dir").get().error_code()); // key not found
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND ==
+        etcd.rmdir("/test/new_dir").get().error_code());  // key not found
   etcd::Response resp = etcd.ls("/test/new_dir").get();
 
   resp = etcd.rmdir("/test/new_dir", true).get();
@@ -391,7 +393,6 @@ TEST_CASE("delete a directory")
   CHECK("value1" == resp.value(0).as_string());
   CHECK("value2" == resp.value(1).as_string());
 
-
   resp = etcd.rmdir("/test/dirnotfound", true).get();
   CHECK(!resp.is_ok());
   CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND == resp.error_code());
@@ -403,8 +404,7 @@ TEST_CASE("delete a directory")
   CHECK("etcd-cpp-apiv3: key not found" == resp.error_message());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("delete all keys with rmdir(\"\", true)")
-{
+TEST_CASE("delete all keys with rmdir(\"\", true)") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.rmdir("", true).wait();
 
@@ -417,11 +417,11 @@ TEST_CASE("delete all keys with rmdir(\"\", true)")
   CHECK(resp.values().size() == 3);
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("delete by range")
-{
+TEST_CASE("delete by range") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
 
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND == etcd.rmdir("/test/new_dir").get().error_code()); // key not found
+  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_NOT_FOUND ==
+        etcd.rmdir("/test/new_dir").get().error_code());  // key not found
   etcd::Response resp = etcd.ls("/test/new_dir").get();
 
   etcd.set("/test/new_dir/key1", "value1").wait();
@@ -438,8 +438,7 @@ TEST_CASE("delete by range")
   CHECK("value2" == resp.value(1).as_string());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("wait for a value change")
-{
+TEST_CASE("wait for a value change") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.set("/test/key1", "42").wait();
 
@@ -456,8 +455,7 @@ TEST_CASE("wait for a value change")
   CHECK("42" == res.get().prev_value().as_string());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("wait for a directory change")
-{
+TEST_CASE("wait for a directory change") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
 
   pplx::task<etcd::Response> res = etcd.watch("/test", true);
@@ -483,8 +481,7 @@ TEST_CASE("wait for a directory change")
   CHECK("45" == res2.get().value().as_string());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("watch changes in the past")
-{
+TEST_CASE("watch changes in the past") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   REQUIRE(0 == etcd.rmdir("/test", true).get().error_code());
   int64_t index = etcd.set("/test/key1", "42").get().index();
@@ -510,8 +507,7 @@ TEST_CASE("watch changes in the past")
   CHECK("45" == res.value().as_string());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("watch range changes in the past")
-{
+TEST_CASE("watch range changes in the past") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   REQUIRE(0 == etcd.rmdir("/test", true).get().error_code());
   int64_t index = etcd.set("/test/key1", "42").get().index();
@@ -542,7 +538,8 @@ TEST_CASE("watch multiple keys and use promise") {
   int64_t start_index = etcd.set("/test/key1", "value1").get().index();
   etcd.set("/test/key2", "value2").get();
 
-  pplx::task<size_t> res = etcd.watch("/test", start_index, true)
+  pplx::task<size_t> res =
+      etcd.watch("/test", start_index, true)
           .then([](pplx::task<etcd::Response> const& resp_task) -> size_t {
             auto const& resp = resp_task.get();
             return resp.events().size();
@@ -551,8 +548,7 @@ TEST_CASE("watch multiple keys and use promise") {
   CHECK(2 == event_size);
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("lease grant")
-{
+TEST_CASE("lease grant") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd::Response res = etcd.leasegrant(60).get();
   REQUIRE(res.is_ok());
@@ -563,6 +559,8 @@ TEST_CASE("lease grant")
   res = etcd.set("/test/key1", "43", leaseid).get();
   REQUIRE(0 == res.error_code());  // overwrite
   CHECK("set" == res.action());
+  res = etcd.get("/test/key1").get();
+  REQUIRE(0 == res.error_code());  // overwrite
   CHECK(leaseid == res.value().lease());
 
   // change with lease id
@@ -571,6 +569,8 @@ TEST_CASE("lease grant")
   res = etcd.set("/test/key1", "43", leaseid).get();
   REQUIRE(0 == res.error_code());  // overwrite
   CHECK("set" == res.action());
+  res = etcd.get("/test/key1").get();
+  REQUIRE(0 == res.error_code());  // overwrite
   CHECK(leaseid == res.value().lease());
 
   // failure to attach lease id
@@ -627,8 +627,7 @@ TEST_CASE("lease grant")
   CHECK("etcdserver: requested lease not found" == res.error_message());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("lease list")
-{
+TEST_CASE("lease list") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd::Response res = etcd.leasegrant(60).get();
   REQUIRE(res.is_ok());
@@ -647,8 +646,7 @@ TEST_CASE("lease list")
   }
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("cleanup")
-{
+TEST_CASE("cleanup") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   REQUIRE(0 == etcd.rmdir("/test", true).get().error_code());
 }

tst/ForkTest.cpp

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
 #include "etcd/Client.hpp"
 #include "etcd/KeepAlive.hpp"
 
-static const std::string etcd_url = etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
+static const std::string etcd_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
 
-TEST_CASE("fork: set in child and get from self")
-{
+TEST_CASE("fork: set in child and get from self") {
   pid_t pid = fork();
   REQUIRE(pid >= 0);
 

tst/KeepAliveTest.cpp

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 #include "etcd/SyncClient.hpp"
 #include "etcd/Value.hpp"
 
-static std::string etcd_uri = etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints(
-    "http://127.0.0.1:2379,http://127.0.0.1:2479,http://127.0.0.1:2579");
+static std::string etcd_uri =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
 
 TEST_CASE("keepalive revoke and check if alive") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_uri);
@@ -31,5 +31,51 @@ TEST_CASE("keepalive revoke and check if alive") {
   std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
 
   // expect keep_alive->Check() to throw exception
+#ifndef _ETCD_NO_EXCEPTIONS
   REQUIRE_THROWS(keepalive->Check());
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("keepalive won't expire") {
+  etcd::Client etcd(etcd_uri);
+
+  const int64_t ttl = 3;
+  const std::string key = "key";
+  const std::string meta_str = "meta ....";
+
+  etcd::Response resp = etcd.leasegrant(ttl).get();
+  auto lease_id = resp.value().lease();
+  etcd.add(key, meta_str, lease_id);
+
+#ifndef _ETCD_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> handler =
+      [](std::exception_ptr eptr) {
+        try {
+          if (eptr) {
+            std::rethrow_exception(eptr);
+          }
+        } catch (const std::runtime_error& e) {
+          std::cerr << "Connection failure \"" << e.what() << "\"\n";
+        } catch (const std::out_of_range& e) {
+          std::cerr << "Lease expiry \"" << e.what() << "\"\n";
+        }
+      };
+#else
+  std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> handler;
+#endif
+  etcd::KeepAlive keepalive(etcd, handler, ttl, lease_id);
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(5));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("keepalive auto-grant") {
+  etcd::Client etcd(etcd_uri);
+
+  // create a lease without pre-granted lease id
+  auto keepalive = std::make_shared<etcd::KeepAlive>(etcd, 10 /* ttl */);
+  auto lease_id = keepalive->Lease();
+  REQUIRE(lease_id != 0);
+
+  // sleep for a while, and cancel
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(5));
+  keepalive->Cancel();
 }

tst/LockTest.cpp

@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@
 #include "etcd/Client.hpp"
 #include "etcd/KeepAlive.hpp"
 
-static const std::string etcd_url = etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
+static const std::string etcd_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
 
-TEST_CASE("lock and unlock")
-{
+TEST_CASE("lock and unlock") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
 
   // lock
@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ TEST_CASE("lock and unlock")
   REQUIRE(0 == resp2.error_code());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("double lock will fail")
-{
+TEST_CASE("double lock will fail") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
 
   // lock
@@ -62,7 +61,8 @@ TEST_CASE("double lock will fail")
     REQUIRE(0 == resp3.error_code());
 
     // create a duration
-    // using a duration longer than default lease TTL for lock (see: DEFAULT_LEASE_TTL_FOR_LOCK)
+    // using a duration longer than default lease TTL for lock (see:
+    // DEFAULT_LEASE_TTL_FOR_LOCK)
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(15));
 
     // unlock the first lock
@@ -84,8 +84,7 @@ TEST_CASE("double lock will fail")
   REQUIRE(0 == resp5.error_code());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("lock could be timeout")
-{
+TEST_CASE("lock could be timeout") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
 
   // setup the timeout
@@ -113,13 +112,14 @@ TEST_CASE("lock could be timeout")
   REQUIRE(0 == resp5.error_code());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("lock using lease")
-{
+TEST_CASE("lock using lease") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
 
   bool failed = false;
 
-  std::function<void (std::exception_ptr)> handler = [&failed](std::exception_ptr eptr) {
+#ifndef _ETCD_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> handler =
+      [&failed](std::exception_ptr eptr) {
         try {
           if (eptr) {
             std::rethrow_exception(eptr);
@@ -129,6 +129,9 @@ TEST_CASE("lock using lease")
           failed = true;
         }
       };
+#else
+  std::function<void(std::exception_ptr)> handler;
+#endif
 
   // with handler
   {
@@ -197,23 +200,30 @@ TEST_CASE("lock using lease")
   }
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("concurrent lock & unlock")
-{
+TEST_CASE("concurrent lock & unlock") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   std::string const lock_key = "/test/test_key";
 
   constexpr size_t trials = 192;
 
-  std::function<void(std::string const &, const size_t)> locker = [&etcd](std::string const &key, const size_t index) {
+  std::function<void(std::string const&, const size_t)> locker =
+      [&etcd](std::string const& key, const size_t index) {
+        std::cout << "start lock for " << key << ", index is " << index
+                  << std::endl;
         auto resp = etcd.lock(key).get();
-    std::cout << "lock for " << index << " is ok, starts sleeping: ..." << resp.error_message() << std::endl << std::flush;
+        std::cout << "lock for " << index << " is ok, starts sleeping: ..."
+                  << resp.error_message() << std::endl
+                  << std::flush;
         REQUIRE(resp.is_ok());
         std::srand(index);
         size_t time_to_sleep = 1;
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(time_to_sleep));
-    std::cout << "lock for " << index << " resumes from sleep: ..." << resp.error_message() << std::endl << std::flush;
+        std::cout << "lock for " << index << " resumes from sleep: ..."
+                  << resp.error_message() << std::endl
+                  << std::flush;
         REQUIRE(etcd.unlock(resp.lock_key()).get().is_ok());
-    std::cout << "thread " << index << " been unlocked" << std::endl << std::flush;
+        std::cout << "thread " << index << " been unlocked" << std::endl
+                  << std::flush;
       };
 
   std::vector<std::thread> locks(trials);
@@ -232,12 +242,15 @@ TEST_CASE("concurrent lock & unlock with a put in between") {
 
   constexpr size_t trials = 128;
 
-  std::function<void(std::string const &, const size_t)> locker = [&etcd](std::string const &key, const size_t index) {
+  std::function<void(std::string const&, const size_t)> locker =
+      [&etcd](std::string const& key, const size_t index) {
         std::cout << "start lock for " << index << std::endl;
         auto resp = etcd.lock(key, true).get();
-    std::cout << "lock for " << index << " is ok, start put and unlock: ..." << resp.error_message() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "lock for " << index << " is ok, start put and unlock: ..."
+                  << resp.error_message() << std::endl;
         REQUIRE(resp.is_ok());
-    auto put_resp = etcd.put("/test/test_put", "hello" + std::to_string(index)).get();
+        auto put_resp =
+            etcd.put("/test/test_put", "hello" + std::to_string(index)).get();
         REQUIRE(put_resp.is_ok());
         REQUIRE(etcd.unlock(resp.lock_key()).get().is_ok());
         std::cout << "thread " << index << " been unlocked" << std::endl;

tst/MemLeakTest.cpp

@@ -6,16 +6,14 @@
 #include "etcd/Client.hpp"
 #include "etcd/KeepAlive.hpp"
 
-static const std::string etcd_url = etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
+static const std::string etcd_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
 
 class DistributedLock {
  public:
-    DistributedLock(const std::string &lock_name,
-                    uint timeout = 0);
+  DistributedLock(const std::string& lock_name, uint timeout = 0);
   ~DistributedLock() noexcept;
-    inline bool lock_acquired() {
-      return _acquired;
-    }
+  inline bool lock_acquired() { return _acquired; }
 
  private:
   bool _acquired = false;
@@ -23,11 +21,9 @@ private:
   std::unique_ptr<::etcd::Client> _etcd_client;
 };
 
-DistributedLock::DistributedLock(const std::string &lock_name,
-                                 uint timeout) {
+DistributedLock::DistributedLock(const std::string& lock_name, uint timeout) {
   _etcd_client = std::unique_ptr<etcd::Client>(new etcd::Client(etcd_url));
 
-  try {
   if (timeout == 0) {
     etcd::Response resp = _etcd_client->lock(lock_name).get();
     if (resp.is_ok()) {
@@ -48,14 +44,12 @@ DistributedLock::DistributedLock(const std::string &lock_name,
         _acquired = true;
       }
     } else if (status == std::future_status::timeout) {
-        std::cerr << "failed to acquire distributed because of lock timeout" << std::endl;
+      std::cerr << "failed to acquire distributed because of lock timeout"
+                << std::endl;
     } else {
       std::cerr << "failed to acquire distributed lock" << std::endl;
     }
   }
-  } catch (std::exception &e) {
-    std::cerr << "failed to construct: " << e.what() << std::endl;
-  }
 }
 
 DistributedLock::~DistributedLock() noexcept {
@@ -63,14 +57,10 @@ DistributedLock::~DistributedLock() noexcept {
     return;
   }
 
-  try {
   auto resp = _etcd_client->unlock(_lock_key).get();
   if (!resp.is_ok()) {
     std::cout << resp.error_code() << std::endl;
   }
-  } catch (std::exception &e) {
-    std::cerr << "failed to destruct: " << e.what() << std::endl;
-  }
 }
 
 int main() {

tst/MemLeakWatcherTest.cpp

@@ -8,14 +8,12 @@
 #include "etcd/KeepAlive.hpp"
 #include "etcd/Watcher.hpp"
 
-static const std::string etcd_url = etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
+static const std::string etcd_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
 
 static std::atomic_int watcher_called;
 
-void print_response(etcd::Response const & resp)
-{
-  watcher_called.fetch_add(1);
-}
+void print_response(etcd::Response const& resp) { watcher_called.fetch_add(1); }
 
 /**
  * @brief emulate the behavior of creating watcher many times:
@@ -24,7 +22,8 @@ void print_response(etcd::Response const & resp)
  * 2. change a value
  * 3. cancel the watcher
  */
-void watch_once(etcd::Client & client, std::unique_ptr<etcd::Watcher> &watcher, const size_t round) {
+void watch_once(etcd::Client& client, std::unique_ptr<etcd::Watcher>& watcher,
+                const size_t round) {
   const std::string my_prefix = "/test";
   const std::string my_key = my_prefix + "/foo";
   watcher.reset(new etcd::Watcher(client, my_prefix, print_response, true));
@@ -42,19 +41,20 @@ void watch_once(etcd::Client & client, std::unique_ptr<etcd::Watcher> &watcher,
   watcher->Cancel();
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("watch shouldn't leak memory")
-{
+TEST_CASE("watch shouldn't leak memory") {
   watcher_called.store(0);
 
   // issue some changes to see if the watcher works
   etcd::Client client(etcd_url);
   std::unique_ptr<etcd::Watcher> watcher;
-  for (int round = 0; round < 10 /* update this value to make it run for longer */; ++round) {
+  for (int round = 0;
+       round < 10 /* update this value to make it run for longer */; ++round) {
     if (round % 50 == 0) {
       std::cout << "starting round " << round << std::endl;
     }
     watch_once(client, watcher, round);
   }
 
-  std::cout << "watcher been called for " << watcher_called.load() << " times" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "watcher been called for " << watcher_called.load() << " times"
+            << std::endl;
 }

tst/RewatchTest.cpp

@@ -8,27 +8,28 @@
 #include "etcd/SyncClient.hpp"
 #include "etcd/Watcher.hpp"
 
-static const std::string etcd_url = etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
+static const std::string etcd_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
 
 static int watcher_called = 0;
 
-void print_response(etcd::Response const & resp)
-{
+void print_response(etcd::Response const& resp) {
   ++watcher_called;
   std::cout << "print response called" << std::endl;
   if (resp.error_code()) {
     std::cout << resp.error_code() << ": " << resp.error_message() << std::endl;
-  }
-  else {
+  } else {
     std::cout << resp.action() << " " << resp.value().as_string() << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "Previous value: " << resp.prev_value().as_string() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Previous value: " << resp.prev_value().as_string()
+              << std::endl;
 
     std::cout << "Events size: " << resp.events().size() << std::endl;
     for (auto const& ev : resp.events()) {
-      std::cout << "Value change in events: " << static_cast<int>(ev.event_type())
-                << ", prev kv = " << ev.prev_kv().key() << " -> " << ev.prev_kv().as_string()
-                << ", kv = " << ev.kv().key() << " -> " << ev.kv().as_string()
-                << std::endl;
+      std::cout << "Value change in events: "
+                << static_cast<int>(ev.event_type())
+                << ", prev kv = " << ev.prev_kv().key() << " -> "
+                << ev.prev_kv().as_string() << ", kv = " << ev.kv().key()
+                << " -> " << ev.kv().as_string() << std::endl;
     }
   }
 }
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ void print_response(etcd::Response const & resp)
 void wait_for_connection(std::string endpoints) {
   // wait until the client connects to etcd server
   while (true) {
+#ifndef _ETCD_NO_EXCEPTIONS
     try {
       etcd::Client client(endpoints);
       if (client.head().get().is_ok()) {
@@ -44,12 +46,17 @@ void wait_for_connection(std::string endpoints) {
     } catch (...) {
       // pass
     }
+#else
+    etcd::Client client(endpoints);
+    if (client.head().get().is_ok()) {
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
     sleep(1);
   }
 }
 
-void initialize_watcher(const std::string& endpoints,
-                        const std::string& prefix,
+void initialize_watcher(const std::string& endpoints, const std::string& prefix,
                         std::function<void(etcd::Response)> callback,
                         std::shared_ptr<etcd::Watcher>& watcher) {
   // wait until the endpoints turn to be available
@@ -64,18 +71,19 @@ void initialize_watcher(const std::string& endpoints,
   watcher.reset(new etcd::Watcher(client, prefix, callback, true));
 
   // Note that lambda requires `mutable`qualifier.
-  watcher->Wait([endpoints, prefix, callback,
+  watcher->Wait(
+      [endpoints, prefix, callback,
        /* By reference for renewing */ &watcher](bool cancelled) mutable {
         if (cancelled) {
-      std::cout << "watcher's reconnect loop stopped as been cancelled" << std::endl;
+          std::cout << "watcher's reconnect loop stopped as been cancelled"
+                    << std::endl;
           return;
         }
         initialize_watcher(endpoints, prefix, callback, watcher);
       });
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("watch should can be re-established")
-{
+TEST_CASE("watch should can be re-established") {
   const std::string my_prefix = "/test";
 
   // the watcher initialized in this way will auto re-connect to etcd
@@ -84,13 +92,19 @@ TEST_CASE("watch should can be re-established")
 
   // issue some changes to see if the watcher works
   for (int round = 0; round < 100000; ++round) {
+#ifndef _ETCD_NO_EXCEPTIONS
     try {
       etcd::Client client(etcd_url);
-      auto response = client.set(
-        my_prefix + "/foo", "bar-" + std::to_string(round)).get();
+      auto response =
+          client.set(my_prefix + "/foo", "bar-" + std::to_string(round)).get();
     } catch (...) {
       // pass
     }
+#else
+    etcd::Client client(etcd_url);
+    auto response =
+        client.set(my_prefix + "/foo", "bar-" + std::to_string(round)).get();
+#endif
 
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));
   }
@@ -100,13 +114,19 @@ TEST_CASE("watch should can be re-established")
 
   // the watcher has been cancelled and shouldn't work anymore
   for (int round = 10; round < 20; ++round) {
+#ifndef _ETCD_NO_EXCEPTIONS
     try {
       etcd::Client client(etcd_url);
-      auto response = client.set(
-        my_prefix + "/foo", "bar-" + std::to_string(round)).get();
+      auto response =
+          client.set(my_prefix + "/foo", "bar-" + std::to_string(round)).get();
     } catch (...) {
       // pass
     }
+#else
+    etcd::Client client(etcd_url);
+    auto response =
+        client.set(my_prefix + "/foo", "bar-" + std::to_string(round)).get();
+#endif
 
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));
   }

tst/SecurityChannelTest.cpp

@@ -9,16 +9,15 @@ static std::string ca = "security-config/certs/ca.crt";
 static std::string cert = "security-config/certs/etcd0.example.com.crt";
 static std::string key = "security-config/private/etcd0.example.com.key";
 
-static const std::string etcd_url = etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("https://127.0.0.1:2379");
+static const std::string etcd_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("https://127.0.0.1:2379");
 
-TEST_CASE("setup with auth")
-{
+TEST_CASE("setup with auth") {
   etcd::Client* etcd = etcd::Client::WithSSL(etcd_url, ca, cert, key);
   etcd->rmdir("/test", true).wait();
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("add a new key after authenticate")
-{
+TEST_CASE("add a new key after authenticate") {
   etcd::Client* etcd = etcd::Client::WithSSL(etcd_url, ca, cert, key);
   etcd->rmdir("/test", true).wait();
   etcd::Response resp = etcd->add("/test/key1", "42").get();
@@ -32,24 +31,28 @@ TEST_CASE("add a new key after authenticate")
   CHECK(0 < val.modified_index());
   CHECK(1 == val.version());
   CHECK(0 < resp.index());
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS == etcd->add("/test/key1", "43").get().error_code()); // Key already exists
-  CHECK(etcd::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS == etcd->add("/test/key1", "42").get().error_code()); // Key already exists
-  CHECK("etcd-cpp-apiv3: key already exists" == etcd->add("/test/key1", "42").get().error_message());
+  CHECK(
+      etcd::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS ==
+      etcd->add("/test/key1", "43").get().error_code());  // Key already exists
+  CHECK(
+      etcd::ERROR_KEY_ALREADY_EXISTS ==
+      etcd->add("/test/key1", "42").get().error_code());  // Key already exists
+  CHECK("etcd-cpp-apiv3: key already exists" ==
+        etcd->add("/test/key1", "42").get().error_message());
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("read a value from etcd")
-{
+TEST_CASE("read a value from etcd") {
   etcd::Client* etcd = etcd::Client::WithSSL(etcd_url, ca, cert, key);
   etcd::Response resp = etcd->get("/test/key1").get();
   CHECK("get" == resp.action());
   REQUIRE(resp.is_ok());
   REQUIRE(0 == resp.error_code());
   CHECK("42" == resp.value().as_string());
-  CHECK("" == etcd->get("/test").get().value().as_string()); // key points to a directory
+  CHECK("" == etcd->get("/test").get().value().as_string());  // key points to a
+                                                              // directory
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("cleanup")
-{
+TEST_CASE("cleanup") {
   etcd::Client* etcd = etcd::Client::WithSSL(etcd_url, ca, cert, key);
   REQUIRE(0 == etcd->rmdir("/test", true).get().error_code());
 }

tst/TransactionTest.cpp

@@ -8,16 +8,15 @@
 #include "etcd/Client.hpp"
 #include "etcd/v3/Transaction.hpp"
 
-static const std::string etcd_url = etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
+static const std::string etcd_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
 
-TEST_CASE("setup")
-{
+TEST_CASE("setup") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true).wait();
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("add a new key")
-{
+TEST_CASE("add a new key") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true).wait();
 
@@ -51,11 +50,8 @@ TEST_CASE("add a new key")
     etcdv3::Transaction txn;
 
     // setup the conditions
-    txn.reset_key("/test/x1");
-    txn.init_compare("1", etcdv3::CompareResult::EQUAL, etcdv3::CompareTarget::VALUE);
-
-    txn.reset_key("/test/x2");
-    txn.init_compare("2", etcdv3::CompareResult::EQUAL, etcdv3::CompareTarget::VALUE);
+    txn.add_compare_value("/test/x1", "1");
+    txn.add_compare_value("/test/x2", "2");
 
     txn.setup_put("/test/x1", "111");
     txn.setup_delete("/test/x2");
@@ -83,8 +79,52 @@ TEST_CASE("add a new key")
   }
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("cleanup")
+TEST_CASE("fetch & add") {
+  etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
+  etcd.rmdir("/test", true).wait();
+
+  etcd.set("/test/key", "0").wait();
+
+  auto fetch_and_add = [](etcd::Client& client,
+                          std::string const& key) -> void {
+    auto value = stoi(client.get(key).get().value().as_string());
+    while (true) {
+      auto txn = etcdv3::Transaction();
+      txn.setup_compare_and_swap(key, std::to_string(value),
+                                 std::to_string(value + 1));
+      etcd::Response resp = client.txn(txn).get();
+      if (resp.is_ok()) {
+        break;
+      }
+      value = stoi(resp.value().as_string());
+    }
+  };
+
+  // run 1000 times
+  const size_t rounds = 100;
+  std::atomic_size_t counter(0);
+
+  std::vector<std::thread> threads;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+    threads.emplace_back([&]() {
+      while (counter.fetch_add(1) < rounds) {
+        fetch_and_add(etcd, "/test/key");
+      }
+    });
+  }
+  for (auto& thr : threads) {
+    thr.join();
+  }
+
+  // check the value
   {
+    etcd::Response resp = etcd.get("/test/key").get();
+    REQUIRE(0 == resp.error_code());
+    CHECK(resp.value().as_string() == std::to_string(rounds));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("cleanup") {
   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);
   REQUIRE(0 == etcd.rmdir("/test", true).get().error_code());
 }

tst/WatcherTest.cpp

@@ -4,39 +4,42 @@
 #include <chrono>
 #include <thread>
 
-#include "etcd/Watcher.hpp"
 #include "etcd/SyncClient.hpp"
+#include "etcd/Watcher.hpp"
 
-static const std::string etcd_url = etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
+static const std::string etcd_url =
+    etcdv3::detail::resolve_etcd_endpoints("http://127.0.0.1:2379");
 
 static int watcher_called = 0;
 
-void printResponse(etcd::Response const & resp)
-{
+void printResponse(etcd::Response const& resp) {
   if (resp.error_code()) {
-    std::cout << resp.error_code() << ": " << resp.error_message() << std::endl;
-  }
-  else {
-    std::cout << resp.action() << " " << resp.value().as_string() << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "Previous value: " << resp.prev_value().as_string() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Watcher " << resp.watch_id() << " fails with "
+              << resp.error_code() << ": " << resp.error_message() << std::endl;
+  } else {
+    std::cout << "Watcher " << resp.watch_id() << " responses with "
+              << resp.action() << " " << resp.value().as_string() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Previous value: " << resp.prev_value().as_string()
+              << std::endl;
 
     std::cout << "Events size: " << resp.events().size() << std::endl;
     for (auto const& ev : resp.events()) {
-      if (ev.prev_kv().key().find("/leader") == 0 || ev.kv().key().find("/leader") == 0) {
+      if (ev.prev_kv().key().find("/leader") == 0 ||
+          ev.kv().key().find("/leader") == 0) {
         return;
       }
-      std::cout << "Value change in events: " << static_cast<int>(ev.event_type())
-                << ", prev kv = " << ev.prev_kv().key() << " -> " << ev.prev_kv().as_string()
-                << ", kv = " << ev.kv().key() << " -> " << ev.kv().as_string()
-                << std::endl;
+      std::cout << "Value change in events: "
+                << static_cast<int>(ev.event_type())
+                << ", prev kv = " << ev.prev_kv().key() << " -> "
+                << ev.prev_kv().as_string() << ", kv = " << ev.kv().key()
+                << " -> " << ev.kv().as_string() << std::endl;
     }
   }
   std::cout << "print response called" << std::endl;
   ++watcher_called;
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("create watcher")
-{
+TEST_CASE("create watcher") {
   etcd::SyncClient etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true);
 
@@ -53,8 +56,7 @@ TEST_CASE("create watcher")
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true);
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("watch with correct prefix")
-{
+TEST_CASE("watch with correct prefix") {
   etcd::SyncClient etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true);
 
@@ -90,8 +92,7 @@ TEST_CASE("watch with correct prefix")
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true);
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("create watcher with cancel")
-{
+TEST_CASE("create watcher with cancel") {
   etcd::SyncClient etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true);
 
@@ -113,8 +114,7 @@ TEST_CASE("create watcher with cancel")
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true);
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("create watcher on ranges with cancel")
-{
+TEST_CASE("create watcher on ranges with cancel") {
   etcd::SyncClient etcd(etcd_url);
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true);
 
@@ -136,29 +136,24 @@ TEST_CASE("create watcher on ranges with cancel")
   etcd.rmdir("/test", true);
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("watch should exit normally")
-{
+TEST_CASE("watch should exit normally") {
   // cancel immediately after start watch.
   etcd::Watcher watcher(etcd_url, "/test", printResponse, true);
   watcher.Cancel();
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("watch should can be cancelled repeatedly")
-{
+TEST_CASE("watch should can be cancelled repeatedly") {
   etcd::Watcher watcher(etcd_url, "/test", printResponse, true);
   std::vector<std::thread> threads(10);
   for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
-    threads[i] = std::thread([&]() {
-      watcher.Cancel();
-    });
+    threads[i] = std::thread([&]() { watcher.Cancel(); });
   }
   for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
     threads[i].join();
   }
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("watch changes on the same key (#212)")
-{
+TEST_CASE("watch changes on the same key (#212)") {
   std::string key_watch = "key watch";
   etcd::SyncClient client(etcd_url);
   client.put(key_watch, "inittt");
@@ -178,19 +173,59 @@ TEST_CASE("watch changes on the same key (#212)")
     }
   };
   auto wait_cb = [&](bool) {};
-  etcd::Watcher w(client, key_watch, current_index,
-                                        std::move(internal_cb),
-                                        std::move(wait_cb),
-                                        false);
+  etcd::Watcher w(client, key_watch, current_index, std::move(internal_cb),
+                  std::move(wait_cb), false);
 
   std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
-  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ) {
-    std::string value = "watch_" + std::to_string(i++);
+  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+    std::string value = "watch_" + std::to_string(i);
     client.put(key_watch, value);
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
   }
 }
 
+TEST_CASE("create two watcher") {
+  etcd::Watcher w1(etcd_url, "/test", printResponse, true);
+  etcd::Watcher w2(etcd_url, "/test", printResponse, true);
+
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(5));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("using two watcher") {
+  etcd::SyncClient etcd(etcd_url);
+
+  int watched1 = 0;
+  int watched2 = 0;
+
+  etcd::Watcher w1(
+      etcd, "/test/def",
+      [&](etcd::Response const& resp) {
+        std::cout << "w1 called: " << resp.events().at(0).event_type() << " on "
+                  << resp.events().at(0).kv().key() << std::endl;
+        ++watched1;
+      },
+      true);
+  etcd::Watcher w2(
+      etcd, "/test",
+      [&](etcd::Response const& resp) {
+        std::cout << "w2 called: " << resp.events().at(0).event_type() << " on "
+                  << resp.events().at(0).kv().key() << std::endl;
+        ++watched2;
+      },
+      true);
+
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(5));
+
+  etcd.put("/test/def/xxx", "42");
+  etcd.put("/test/abc", "42");
+  etcd.rm("/test/def/xxx");
+  etcd.rm("/test/abc");
+
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(5));
+  CHECK(2 == watched1);
+  CHECK(4 == watched2);
+}
+
 // TEST_CASE("request cancellation")
 // {
 //   etcd::Client etcd(etcd_url);